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. 2023 Apr 13;14:2094. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37832-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 10 — Silicate ions promote the expression of nSMase2, hnRNPA2B1 and miR-126a-3p in EPCs. The increased nSMase2 results in an increase in ceramide secretion in cells, thereby enhancing the production of extracellular vesicles. The higher hnRNPA2B1 and nSMase2 levels selectively enhanced the sorting of miR-126a-3p into multivesicular bodies (MVBs, sites of extracellular vesicle biogenesis). In addition, the high expression of miR-126a-3p promotes the expression of related angiogenic factors in EPCs, resulting in the increased content of related angiogenic factors in extracellular vesicles. After the highly bioactive extracellular vesicles with high contents of miR-126a-3p and angiogenic factors were transferred to recipient HUVECs, highly expressed miR-126a-3p could inhibit RGS16 and activate the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis and its downstream Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/eNOS axis of HUVECs, thereby mediating angiogenesis. Furthermore, a high content of angiogenic factors (such as VEGF) in extracellular vesicles contributes to the enhanced angiogenesis of HUVECs. This Figure was created with BioRender.com.