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. 2023 Apr 13;14:2094. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37832-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a The effect of different concentrations of CS extracts on the proliferation of EPCs was tested by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)−2H-tetrazolium (MTS) (n = 5, biological replicates per group) *p < 0.05 vs. the control. b–f The expression of proangiogenic genes was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT‒PCR) on Day 2 and Day 4 in EPCs cultured in 1/256, 1/128, and 1/64 dilutions of (b Vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGFA; c Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS; d Stromal cell-derived factor 1, SDF-1; e Insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF-1; f Hepatocyte growth factor, HGF) (n = 3, biological replicates per group). *p < 0.05 vs. the control. g Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of EPC-EVs, scale bar = 50 nm, (n = 3 independent experiment replicates per group). h Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) analysis of CS-EPCs-EVs and EPC-EVs. i Particle concentrations of different types of EVs. *p < 0.05 vs. EPC-EVs (n = 3, independent experiment replicates per group). j Western blot analysis of the extracellular vesicle markers ALG-2-interacting protein X (Alix), Cluster of Differentiation 81 (CD81) and Cluster of Differentiation 63 (CD63). k ELISAs detected the content of VEGFA, eNOS, HGF, IGF-1, and SDF-1, in different EVs (n = 3, biological replicates per group). *p < 0.05 vs. EPC-EVs. Data are presented as the mean ± standard. Two-tailed Student’s t-test was used to compare the differences between two groups. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni tests were used to compare differences among more than two groups. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Each experiment was repeated 3 times or more independently with similar results.