TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics stratified by Quartile of CDAI (n = 6,019).
| Characteristic | Overall | Quartile 1 (−7.585,−2.143) |
Quartile 2 (−2.143,0.017) |
Quartile 3 (0.017,2.712) |
Quartile 4 (2.712,19.662) |
P-value |
| N | 6,019 | 1,505 | 1,506 | 1,503 | 1,505 | |
| Age, years | 45.67 (0.53) | 45.31 (0.78) | 45.85 (0.64) | 47.34 (0.72) | 44.10 (0.65) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | 0.01 | |||||
| Female | 2,786 (46.29) | 762 (52.03) | 667 (45.21) | 680 (47.49) | 677 (44.59) | |
| Male | 3,233 (53.71) | 743 (47.97) | 839 (54.79) | 823 (52.51) | 828 (55.41) | |
| Race | 0.003 | |||||
| Mexican | 637 (10.58) | 139 (6.52) | 166 (7.90) | 175 (7.66) | 157 (7.28) | |
| Black | 1,342 (22.3) | 398 (13.14) | 337 (10.49) | 282 (7.96) | 325 (9.98) | |
| White | 2,652 (44.06) | 639 (67.85) | 649 (68.66) | 691 (73.02) | 673 (70.75) | |
| Other | 1,388 (23.06) | 329 (12.49) | 354 (12.95) | 355 (11.35) | 350 (11.98) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 0.01 | |||||
| < 25 | 1,931 (32.08) | 461 (28.57) | 456 (29.73) | 489 (32.93) | 525 (34.63) | |
| 25–29.9 | 1,984 (32.96) | 469 (32.88) | 508 (34.74) | 508 (34.61) | 499 (35.75) | |
| > = 30 | 2,104 (34.96) | 575 (38.55) | 542 (35.54) | 506 (32.46) | 481 (29.62) | |
| Education level | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Above | 3,742 (62.17) | 813 (58.96) | 897 (66.25) | 1,007 (73.20) | 1,025 (73.70) | |
| Below | 1,006 (16.71) | 327 (15.77) | 285 (14.49) | 206 (8.83) | 188 (8.39) | |
| High school | 1,271 (21.12) | 365 (25.27) | 324 (19.26) | 290 (17.97) | 292 (17.92) | |
| Poverty to income ratio | < 0.0001 | |||||
| < 1.3 | 1,874 (31.13) | 567 (27.73) | 471 (21.80) | 394 (16.11) | 442 (20.07) | |
| 1.3–3.49 | 2,091 (34.74) | 550 (38.14) | 516 (34.52) | 536 (35.32) | 489 (30.58) | |
| > = 3.5 | 2,054 (34.13) | 388 (34.12) | 519 (43.68) | 573 (48.57) | 574 (49.35) | |
| Smoke status | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Former | 1,373 (22.81) | 303 (20.03) | 353 (24.41) | 364 (26.47) | 353 (24.64) | |
| Never | 3,426 (56.92) | 807 (51.82) | 831 (55.81) | 883 (58.49) | 905 (61.07) | |
| Now | 1,220 (20.27) | 395 (28.16) | 322 (19.78) | 256 (15.04) | 247 (14.29) | |
| Alcohol status | 0.01 | |||||
| Former | 889 (14.77) | 261 (14.86) | 210 (10.65) | 217 (12.32) | 201 (11.32) | |
| Heavy | 1,268 (21.07) | 318 (24.58) | 326 (23.22) | 277 (19.34) | 347 (23.20) | |
| Mild | 2,124 (35.29) | 463 (29.78) | 545 (38.42) | 574 (40.10) | 542 (38.20) | |
| Moderate | 1,006 (16.71) | 252 (19.85) | 245 (17.80) | 254 (19.13) | 255 (19.01) | |
| Never | 732 (12.16) | 211 (10.93) | 180 (9.92) | 181 (9.10) | 160 (8.27) | |
| Diabetes | 0.29 | |||||
| No | 5,119 (85.05) | 1,257 (87.44) | 1,288 (89.29) | 1,286 (88.65) | 1,288 (90.07) | |
| Yes | 900 (14.95) | 248 (12.56) | 218 (10.71) | 217 (11.35) | 217 (9.93) | |
| Hypertension | 0.34 | |||||
| No | 3,712 (61.67) | 909 (63.96) | 897 (63.32) | 944 (65.77) | 962 (66.89) | |
| Yes | 2,307 (38.33) | 596 (36.04) | 609 (36.68) | 559 (34.23) | 543 (33.11) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.02 | |||||
| No | 2,075 (34.47) | 486 (30.48) | 506 (33.27) | 509 (32.35) | 574 (37.64) | |
| Yes | 3,944 (65.53) | 1,019 (69.52) | 1,000 (66.73) | 994 (67.65) | 931 (62.36) | |
| Hand grip strength, kg/BMI | 2.75 (0.02) | 2.62 (0.02) | 2.72 (0.03) | 2.75 (0.03) | 2.88 (0.03) | < 0.0001 |
| Composite dietary antioxidant index | 0.83 (0.08) | −3.53 (0.04) | −1.07 (0.02) | 1.28 (0.02) | 5.91 (0.12) | < 0.0001 |
| Vitamin A, μ g | 644.21 (13.41) | 243.38 (6.27) | 448.61 (10.60) | 689.36 (12.81) | 1,127.64 (25.98) | < 0.0001 |
| Vitamin C, mg | 80.65 (2.16) | 30.58 (0.83) | 56.59 (1.61) | 87.16 (2.44) | 139.82 (5.49) | < 0.0001 |
| Vitamin E, mg | 9.47 (0.12) | 4.29 (0.07) | 7.15 (0.12) | 9.72 (0.13) | 15.85 (0.29) | < 0.0001 |
| Zinc, mg | 11.63 (0.14) | 6.04 (0.09) | 9.60 (0.13) | 12.46 (0.13) | 17.55 (0.27) | < 0.0001 |
| Selenium, μ g | 118.72 (1.09) | 67.69 (0.96) | 102.84 (1.17) | 125.59 (1.45) | 170.80 (3.06) | < 0.0001 |
| Carotenoid, μ g | 9,716.18 (230.25) | 2,874.99 (90.48) | 5,805.91 (217.22) | 9,584.58 (199.75) | 19,416.04 (535.30) | < 0.0001 |
| Physical activity, MET-min/week | 4,424.94 (142.66) | 4,353.98 (265.66) | 4,437.34 (184.09) | 4,405.62 (221.61) | 4,495.13 (188.44) | 0.98 |
| Sedentary time, min/day | 389.90 (5.29) | 373.90 (7.77) | 376.16 (8.35) | 398.88 (7.25) | 407.34 (7.26) | < 0.0001 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean (standard error), and categorical variables are expressed as n (%). Chi-square test was used for categorical variables, and analysis of One-Way ANOVA was used for continuous variables. P < 0.05 was set as the threshold of statistical significance and marked in bold values. CDAI quartile range: quartile 1: −7.585−2.143; quartile 2: −2.144−0.017; Quartile 3: 0.018−2.712; Quartile 4: 2.713−19.662.