Table 4.

Reproductive problems identified in dairy cows under heat stress.

Problems identified	References
Lower estrus detection rates.	Collier et al. (84)
Reduction in the size of the ovarian follicle.	Wilson et al. (85), Schüller et al. (86)
Altered follicular fluid composition combined with abnormal concentrations of ovarian steroids.	Alves et al. (87), Roth and Wolfenson (88)
Relative location, morphology, and function of ooplasmic organelles (especially mitochondria) are altered by heat stress, and these changes are especially apparent in oocytes of Bos taurus taurus origin.	Silva et al. (89), Maya-Soriano et al. (90)
Transient effects up to 50 days after exposure to heat stress.	Lussier et al. (91), Roth et al. (92)
Decreased sperm concentration and motility and increased morphological abnormalities.	Malama et al. (93), Sabés-Alsina et al. (94), Rahman et al. (95)
Abnormal condensation of chromatin in sperm.	Rahman et al. (95), Lúcio et al. (96)
Early embryonic death.	Ealy et al. (42), Edwards and Hansen (97)

Source: Adapted from Negrón-Pérez et al. (98).