Table 6.

Anomalies evidenced in sperm after heat stress in cattle.

Anomalies	References
The increase in GPx activity was insufficient to minimize the damage caused by the amount of ROS produced during the summer.	Nichi et al. (147)
Partial impairment of motility, genetic modifications and heritability	Al-Kanaan et al. (160)
Significant DNA fragmentation in summer	Valeanu et al. (161)
Decreased percentage of live sperm, reduced amount of sperm per unit volume of semen	Sharma et al. (162)
Decreased seminal pH and reduced plasma membrane	Sharma (163)
The occurrence of heat stress during spermatogenesis affects seminal quality	Sabés-Alcina et al. (164)
Increased defects in sperm morphology, sperm DNA fragmentation, elevation of lipid rate, mitochondrial membrane modification potential, sperm motility and IMP	Garcia-Oliveros et al. (165)
Semen collected in periods with high indices of Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) present reduced viability in vitro favoring the reduction of blastocysts and delay in hatching	Luceno et al. (166)
Commitment to viability and seminal quality	Residiwati et al. (167)
Nutritional factors associated with climatic conditions alter the concentrations of NPY e ATP1A1	Pires et al. (168)

IMP, plasma membrane integrity; NPY, neuropeptide Y; ATP1A1, ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 1; DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid; THI, Temperature and Humidity Index; ROS, Reactive oxygen species.