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. 2023 Mar 9;31(4):597–604. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.02.013

Table 3.

Anti-fatigue effects of TCM constituents.

Monomers and ingredient groups Mechanisms Experimental models
Polysaccharides from Lepidium meyenii Walp (Li et al., 2017, Tang et al., 2019) Increasing HG content; decreasing BUN level; up-regulating mitochondrial biogenesis; antioxidation FST; mouse leg grip-strength test; rotarod test; LST; treatment with H2O2 in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells
Oligosaccharides from Amorphophallus konjac C. K.Koch (Zeng et al., 2018) Antioxidation; increasing blood glucose content LST
Polysaccharides from Avena sativa Linn. (Chao et al., 2009) Increasing non-esterified fat acid content, and glycogen storage Running performance test
Polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum L. (Wu and Guo 2015) Changing glycerophospholipid and tyrosine metabolism;
inhibiting lipid peroxidation; elevating catalase and GSH-Px activity; decreasing MDA level
FST
Polysaccharides from Polygonatum sibricum Red. (Cui et al., 2018) Decreasing LA and BUN contents; increasing HG content FST
Polysaccharides from Polygonatum alte-lobatum Hayata (Horng et al., 2014) Decreasing BUN and MDA contents; increasing SOD activity; scavenging free radical Exhaustive treadmill exercise
Polysaccharides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (Qi and Huang 2014) Scavenging ROS and increasing glycogen levels in skeletal muscle FST
Polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. (Zhang 2015) Increasing HG content; decreasing BUN and LA content LST
Polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (Chen et al., 2021b) Increasing glycogen storage; antioxidation LST
Polysaccharide from Ziziphus jujube Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow (Chi et al., 2015) Improving immune function; antioxidation Mimic the multiple-factor pathogenesis of CFS using electric shock, restraint stress, and cold-water-swim
Polysaccharides from Radix Rehmanniae Preparata (Tan et al., 2012)
Protein-bound polysaccharides from Epimedium brevicorum Maxim. (Chi et al., 2017)
Increasing HG content; decreasing BUN and LA contents
Improving tyrosine, arginine, and proline metabolism
LST

Mimic the multiple-factor pathogenesis of CFS using restraint-stress, forced exercise, and crowed and noisy environment
Polysaccharides from Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Gao et al., 2018) Decreasing BUN and LA contents; increasing HG, muscle glycogen, and adenosine triphosphate levels; enhancing LDH and ATPase activity LST
Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. (Hu et al., 2012) Increasing antioxidant enzymes activity; decreasing MDA content in skeletal muscle FST
Polysaccharides from Zea mays L. (Yang et al., 2020a, Yang et al., 2020b) Decreasing BUN and LA content; increasing LDH activity and HG content LST
Polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. (Shen et al., 2021) Decreasing LA, BUN, and MDA levels; increasing HG, muscle glucose, and adenosine triphosphate content in muscle LST
Adventitious root protein from Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. (Wang et al., 2022) Activating the adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/ glucose transporter type 4 signaling pathway to promote glucose uptake LST
Polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. (Cai et al., 2014) Preventing lipid peroxidation; antioxidation LST
Flavonoids from Saussurea involucrate (Kar. et Kir.) Sch.Bip. (Su et al., 2014) Increasing SOD and GSH-Px activity; decreasing LA content FST
Flavonoids from Sophopra japonica L.(Tao 2013) Antioxidation FST
Flavonoids from Wasps drone pupae (Xi et al., 2018) Eliminating metabolic accumulation LST
Flavonoids from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (Wang et al., 2012) Antioxidation FST
Flavonoids from Astragalus englerianus Ulbr. (Xiao et al., 2014) Scavenging free radical Free radical scavenging capability assay
Flavonoids from Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. -Mazz. (Liu et al., 2020) Delaying LA production FST
Polyphenols from Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze. (Yi 2016) Anti-inflammation; antioxidation Athletes
Polyphenols from Euryale ferox Salisb. ex DC (Wu et al., 2013) Antioxidation FST
Polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Choi et al., 2022) Increasing muscle glucose content FST
Peptide from Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan et Snyder (Guo et al., 2017) Increasing production of serum glucose, free fatty acid, HG, and adenosine triphosphate; reducing L-lactate, and citrate content Rotarod test
Saponins from Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen (Yong-Xin and Jian-Jun 2013) Increasing HG content; decreasing LA content LST
Small-molecule oligopeptides from Panax quinquefolium L. (Li et al., 2018) Antioxidation; improving mitochondrial function FST
Peptide from Pseudosciaena crocea (Zhao et al., 2016) Inhibiting oxidative reaction LST
Peptide from Sheep Placenta (Wang et al., 2018) Decreasing MDA and LA levels; enhancing GSH-Px and SOD activity; increasing HG content LST
Polysaccharides from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (Kai et al., 2016)
Improving HG content, and SOD activity; decreasing BUN, LA, and MDA levels LST
Cyanidin-3-glucoside (Matsukawa et al., 2017) Activating lactate metabolism through skeletal muscle receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) upregulation LST
Quercetin (Zhang and Iop, 2017, Chen, et al., 2021) Enhancing muscle function; antioxidation LST and non-loading swimming tests
Anwulignan (Zhang et al., 2019) Regulating nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, and PGC-1α signaling pathway LST, rotarod test, grip strength test, and tail suspension test
Securinine (Wang 2012) Reducing BUN level; increasing glycogen level LST
Betaine (Hoffman et al., 2009) Decreasing BUN and LA contents; increasing HG content LST
Ginsenoside Rb1 (Tan et al., 2013, Chen et al., 2015, Liu et al., 2021) Improving energy metabolism; suppressing skeletal muscle oxidative stress Postoperative fatigue syndrome (POFS) induced by major small intestinal resection model
Ginsenoside Compound K (Lan and Liang 2022) Antioxidation FST
Ginsenoside Rg3 (Yang et al., 2018) Up-regulating concentration of LDH and SOD; decreasing MDA level POFS model
N-benzyloleamide (Yang et al., 2016) Increasing HG content; decreasing LA and BUN content LST
Luteolin-6-C-neohesperidoside (Duan et al., 2017) Decreasing LA and BUN levels; enhancing antioxidant enzymes activity FST
Neoagarotetraose (Zhang et al., 2017) Modulating gut microbial composition, and function in intense exercise A forced exercise wheel-track treadmill
γ-aminobutyric acid (Chen, et al., 2016a) Increasing HG content; decrease LA and BUN content LST
Dihydromyricetin (Zou et al., 2014) Reducing LA and BUN content; decreasing LDH, CK, and GSH-Px activity; increasing glycogen content LST
Hypericin (Sun et al., 2022) Normalizing changes in LA, BUN, creatine kinase, MDA, and HG level, and LDH activity in the liver; improving GSH-Px and SOD activity, and total antioxidant capacity; decreasing the release of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β Mice swimming for 120 min for six weeks (for six consecutive days per week)
Salidroside (Ma et al., 2015) Enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities in mitochondria LST