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. 2023 Mar 31;14:1135726. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1135726

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Copyright © 2023 Chen, Liu, Nie, Wang and Xiang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Three principles of the Mendelian randomization study. (I) The genetic instrumental variables (IVs) are strongly associated with T1DM; (II) The genetic IVs do not affect the outcome through the confounders; (III) The genetic IVs do not affect outcomes directly, but only via exposure. ALRIs, acute lower respiratory infections; IIs, intestinal infections; GUTIs, infections of the genitourinary tract; SSTIs, Infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue; UTIs, urinary tract infections; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus.