Table 5.

Overview of continuous KRT complications

Complications
Catheter-related complications
Hematoma, hemorrhage, or traumatic arteriovenous fistula
Infection (catheter-associated blood stream infection or local soft-tissue infection)
Vein thrombosis or stenosis
Pneumothorax or hemothorax
Air embolism
Visceral injury
Complications related to extracorporeal circuit
Allergic reaction to dialyzer/hemofilter or circuit tubing
Circuit thrombosis
Hemolysis
Air embolism
Hypothermia
Hypotension
Metabolic disturbances
Complications of regional citrate anticoagulation
Citrate accumulation, i.e., citrate toxicity or citrate lock (see above)
Citrate/buffer excess or citrate/buffer deficit (see above)
Isolated hypo- or hypercalcemia
Hypernatremia (if using formulation containing trisodium citrate)
Hypomagnesemia
Hypophosphatemia, possibly aggravating respiratory muscle weakness
Others: hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia
Hypoglycemia (when using dextrose-free CKRT solutions)
Euglycemic ketoacidosis (when using dextrose-free CKRT solutions)
Inappropriate (excess or inadequate) medication dosing
Inadequate nutrition due to nonselective clearance of key nutrients

CKRT, continuous KRT.