Effect of social determinants of health variables, protein intake, and creatinine excretion on the magnitude of the Black race coefficient in GFR-estimating equations and in association with serum creatinine. (A) Associations of Black race with measured GFR. Estimated coefficient for Black race from regression of measured GFR on age, sex, race, and serum creatinine (base model), alone and together with social determinants of health, protein intake, and creatinine excretion. (B) Associations of Black race with serum creatinine. Coefficient for association of Black race with serum creatinine adjusted for measured GFR, GFR measurement error, age, and sex (base model), alone and together with social determinants of health, protein intake, and creatinine excretion. Left panel shows the results for the MDRD study. Right panel shows the results for CRIC. CRIC, Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease.