Table 3.
Intra- and inter-rater agreement according to Bland and Altman plots and limits of agreement
| Muscle Groups | T value (Sig.) | Mean difference Nm (%) | Mean difference 95% CI in Nm | SD | Limits of agreement in Nm (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||
| Intra-rater agreement (S1-S3) | |||||||
| Shoulder ABD | -0.2 (0.86) | -0.5 (0.6) | -6.1 | 5.1 | 14.7 | -29.4 (-30.2; -28.5) | 28.4 (27.5; 28.4) |
| Shoulder IR | -0.03 (0.98) | -0.01 (0.04) | -1.1 | 1.0 | 2.8 | -5.5 (-5.5; -5.4) | 5.4 (5.4; 5.5) |
| Shoulder ER | -0.9(0.40) | -0.4 (1.4) | -1.3 | 0.5 | 2.3 | -4.9 (-5.6; -4.3) | 4.2 (3.6; 4.8) |
| Shoulder flexors | -3.4 (0.002) | -3.9 (5.5) | -6.2 | -1.5 | 6.3 | -16.2 (-22.9; -9.5) | 8.4 (1.7; 15.2) |
| Elbow flexors | -0.1 (0.90) | -0.1 (0.2) | -1.6 | 1.4 | 4.0 | -7.9 (-8.1; -7.8) | 7.8 (7.6; 7.9) |
| Elbow extensors | 2,1 (0.044) | 0.9 (2.7) | 0.0 | 1.8 | 2.3 | -3.7 (-5.2; -2.1) | 5.4 (3.9; 7.0) |
| Wrist flexors | -1.7 (0.09) | -0.6 (5.6) | -1.3 | 0.1 | 1.8 | -4.1 (-5.1; -3.1) | 3.0 (2.0; 4.0) |
| Wrist extensors | -0.8 (0.43) | -0.2 (2.2) | -0.6 | 0.3 | 1.1 | -2.4 (-2.7; -2.1) | 2.1 (1.8; 2.4) |
| Hip ABD | -0.8 (0.42) | -2.4 (1.9) | -8.4 | 3.6 | 15.7 | -33.2 (-37.3; -29) | 28.3 (24.2; 32.5) |
| Hip IR | -2.4 (0.03) | -3.3 (4.4) | -6.1 | -0.4 | 7.4 | -17.8 (-23.4; -12.1) | 11.3 (5.6; 16.9) |
| Hip ER | -0.9 (0.36) | -1.2 (2.1) | -3.7 | 1.4 | 6.7 | -14.4 (-16.4; -12.3) | 12.0 (10.0; 14.0) |
| Hip flexors | -1.8 (0.09) | -7.4 (5.5) | -15.9 | 1.2 | 22.4 | -51.3 (-64.1; -38.6) | 36.6 (23.8; 49.4) |
| Hip extensors | -0.7 (0.48) | -3.7 (1.7) | -14.3 | 6.8 | 27.8 | -58.2 (-64.6; -51.7) | 50.7 (44.3; 57.2) |
| Knee flexors | 0.8 (0.43) | 1.9 (2.1) | -3.0 | 6.9 | 13.0 | -23.6 (-26.9; -20.2) | 27.4 (24.1; 30.8) |
| Knee extensors | 0.5 (0.64) | 1.2 (0.8) | -3.9 | 6.2 | 13.5 | -25.2 (-27.2; -23.2) | 27.5 (25.5; 29.5) |
| Ankle DF | -0.7 (0.52) | -0.2 (1.0) | -1.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 | -4.1 (-4.5; -3.7) | 3.6 (3.2; 3.6) |
| Ankle evertors | -2.1 (0.046) | -0.9 (4.3) | -1.7 | 0.0 | 2.3 | -5.4 (-6.9; -3.9) | 3.6 (2.1; 5.2) |
| Muscle groups | Inter-rater agreement (S1-S2) | ||||||
| Shoulder ABD | -0.2 (0.86) | 0.5 (0.6) | -5.4 | 6.4 | 15.4 | -29.7 (-30.6; -28.9) | 30.7 (29.7; 31.6) |
| Shoulder IR | -0.6 (0.57) | -0.4 (1.2) | -1.9 | 1.1 | 3.9 | -8.0 (-8.7; -7.3) | 7.2 (6.4; 7.9) |
| Shoulder ER | -0.8 (0.46) | -0.4 (1.4) | -1.3 | 0.6 | 2.6 | -5.5 (-6.1; -4.8) | 4.7 (4.1; 5.4) |
| Shoulder flexors | -4.4(< 0.001) | -7.3 (10.2) | -10.7 | -3.9 | 9.0 | -24.9 (-37.6; -12.3) | 10.4 (-2.3; 23.0) |
| Elbow flexors | -1.9 (0.07) | -1.3 (2.4) | -2.7 | 0.1 | 3.7 | -8.6 (-10.8; -6.4) | 6.0 (3.8; 8.3) |
| Elbow extensors | 0.8 (0.46) | 0.4 (1.1) | -0.6 | 1.3 | 2.6 | -4.7 (-5.3; -4.1) | 5.4 (4.8; 6.0) |
| Wrist flexors | 2.6 (0.01) | 0.9 (8.6) | 0.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 | -2.6 (-4.0; -1.1) | 4.3 (2.8;5.7) |
| Wrist extensors | 0.1 (0.93) | 0.02 (0.3) | -0.5 | 0.6 | 1.5 | -3.0 (-3.0; -2.9) | 3.0 (3.0; 3.0) |
| Hip ABD | 0.4 (0.68) | 1.0 (0.8) | -3.9 | 5.9 | 13.2 | -24.8 (-26.6; -23.0) | 26.8 (25.1;28.6) |
| Hip IR | 4.4 (< 0.001) | 8.5 (12.6) | 4.5 | 12.4 | 10.2 | -11.4 (-26.1; 3.3) | 28.4 (13.7; 43.1) |
| Hip ER | 2.3 (0.03) | 3.7 (7.1) | 0.5 | 6.9 | 8.3 | -12.6 (-18.9; -6.2) | 19.9 (13.6;26.3) |
| Hip flexors | 2.6 (0.02) | 7.0 (5.5) | 1.5 | 12.5 | 14.2 | -20.8 (-32.9; -8.7) | 34.8 (22.7; 46.8) |
| Hip extensors | -2.8 (0.005) | -17.8 (8.0) | -31.1 | -4.6 | 35.5 | -87.3 (-118.2;56.4) | 51.7 (20.8; 82.6) |
| Knee flexors | 3.0 (0.005) | 8.2 (9.2) | 2.7 | 13.8 | 14.3 | -19.8 (-34.0; -5.6) | 36.2 (22.0; 50.5) |
| Knee extensors | 1.8 (0.09) | 7.4 (5.0) | -1.1 | 15.9 | 22.8 | -37.3 (-50.0; -24.5) | 52.0 (39.2; 64.8) |
| Ankle DF | -0.2 (0.85) | -0.1 (0.4) | -1.2 | 1.0 | 2.8 | -5.7 (-5.8; -5.5) | 5.5 (5.3;5.6) |
| Ankle evertors | 2.7 (0.01) | 1.3 (6.6) | 0.3 | 2.2 | 2.6 | -3.7 (-5.9; -1.5) | 6.3 (4.1;8.5) |
T-values and corresponding p-values (Sig.) obtained using one-sample t-tests, the mean difference, the standard deviation (SD) and the limits of agreement (LOA) of the difference between the mean values obtained at Session 1 (S1) and Session 3 (S3) (intra-rater), and Session 1 (S1) and Session 2 (S2) (inter-rater) in Newton-meters (Nm). The mean difference of each muscle group is also expressed in percentage of the mean torque values of the two measurement time-points in parentheses. The results in bold are significant, meaning there is a significant systematic bias between the two measurement time-points
ABD Abductors, IR/ER Internal and External rotators, DF Dorsiflexors