Fig. 1.

SGLT2 inhibitors improve mitochondrial function. SGLT2 inhibitors activate the AMPK/PGC-1α signalling pathway, thereby increasing PGC-1α-regulated NRF-1 expression, which increases mtTFA expression and further promotes mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC-1α can also inhibit Drp1-induced mitochondrial fission and activate key enzymes, including cytochrome c oxidase, in mitochondria, which can increase the efficiency of electron transfer. Activation of AMPK, on the other hand, leads to the recovery of abnormal MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1, reducing mitochondrial fission