Fig. 5.

The SGLT2 inhibitor improves pyroptosis and reduces cardiac fibrosis. Activation of AMPK by the SGLT2 inhibitor decreases the expression of downstream NLRP3, Caspase-1 and ACS. Therefore, the upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex is inhibited, which reduces the transformation of procaspase-1 to active caspase-1 and the transformation of proIL-1β and proIL-18 to IL-1β and IL-18, respectively, to inhibit pyroptosis. As a result of the decrease in IL-1β, the activation of IL-1βR is correspondingly decreased, and the expression of TGF-β in the downstream signalling pathway is reduced, resulting in a relative reduction in fibrosis