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. 2023 Mar 31;10:1011936. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1011936

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Copyright © 2023 Low, Low and Akrami.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Grading of the Cytokine Release Syndrome. Activation of T cells induces a release of IFN-γ or TNF-α. This process activates macrophages and other immune cells, releasing proinflammatory cytokines. Large amounts of IL-6 are released, which in a positive feedback loop activates T cells and other immune cells. Reproduced from “Cytokine Release Syndrome” by AJ Shimabukuro-Vornhagen, P Gödel, M. Subklewe, HJ Stemmler, HA Schlößer, M Schlaak, et al. 2018 Immunother. Cancer 56 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).