Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and glycaemic outcomes of the in-patients with diabetes before, during wave 1 and wave 2 of the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Variables |
Total in-patients with diabetes (N = 8084) Number of hospital admissions (n = 12878) |
Total in-patients with diabetes (N = 2990) Number of hospital admissions (n = 4008) |
Total in-patients with diabetes (N = 5021) Number of hospital admissions (n = 7189) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-COVID-19 31st Jan 2019–31st Jan 2020 |
COVID-19 Wave 1 1st Feb 2020–30th Jun 2020 |
COVID-19 Wave 2 1st Sep 2020–30th Apr 2021 |
||
| Sex, N (%) | ||||
| Male | 4572 (57) | 1738 (58) | 2878 (57) | |
| Age [years], mean (SD) | 69.2 (14.5) | 69.1 (14.4) | 67.8 (14.5) | |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | ||||
| White | 2840 (43) | 1004 (40) | 1686 (43) | |
| Asian | 1414 (21) | 490 (20) | 861 (21) | |
| Black | 1170 (18) | 498 (20) | 709 (18) | |
| Mixed | 147 (2) | 42 (2) | 80 (2) | |
| Other | 1083 (16) | 452 (18) | 630 (16) | |
| Type of diabetes, N (%) | ||||
| Type 1 diabetes | 546 (7) | 210 (7) | 313 (6) | |
| Type 2 diabetes | 7538 (93) | 2780 (93) | 4708 (94) | |
| Vital signs and Laboratory test | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure [mmHg], mean (SD) | 134 (18) | 135 (18) | 134 (18) | |
| Creatinine [umol/l], median (IQR) | 92 (70, 152) | 96 (70, 174) | 91 (69, 160) | |
| Haemoglobin [g/l], mean (SD) | 113 (19) | 112 (19) | 114 (20) | |
| Albumin [g/l], mean (SD) | 29.9 (5.8) | 29.0 (6.3) | 29.7 (6.0) | |
| Neutrophils [x109/l], mean (SD) | 6.4 (3.9) | 6.2 (3.1) | 6.4 (3.3) | |
| Medication use | ||||
| Sulfonylurea, N (%) | 1865 (14) | 530 (13) | 979 (14) | |
| SGLT2, N (%) | 333 (3) | 123 (3) | 325 (5) | |
| DPP-4, N (%) | 2675 (21) | 863 (22) | 1417 (20) | |
| GLP-1, N (%) | 73 (0) | 12 (0) | 11 (0) | |
| Metformin, N (%) | 4847 (38) | 1362 (34) | 2501 (35) | |
| Intravenous insulin, N (%) | 1225 (10) | 339 (8) | 583 (8) | |
| Dexamethasone | 312 (2) | 80 (2) | 780 (11)⁎ | |
| Glycaemic outcomes | ||||
| Hypoglycaemia, N (%) | ||||
| Level 1 hypoglycaemia <4 mmol/l |
2949 (22.9) | 1000 (25.0)⁎ | 1804 (25.1)⁎ | |
| Level 2 hypoglycaemia <3 mmol/l |
1329 (10.3) | 470 (11.7)⁎ | 828 (11.5)⁎ | |
| Hyperglycaemia, N (%) | ||||
| >12 mmol/l | 7794 (60.5) | 2512 (62.7)⁎ | 4574 (63.6)⁎ | |
| >15 mmol/l | 5389 (41.8) | 1780 (44.4)⁎ | 3269 (45.4)⁎ | |
| Blood glucose level [mmol/l], mean (SD) | 10.0 (4.8) | 10.1 (5.0) | 10.2 (4.8) | |
N (%), number of patients and percentage over the total number of patients; n (%), number of admissions and percentage over the total number of admissions.
⁎
Statistically significant difference compared to the pre-COVID-19 time period.