Table 3.
Descriptive Statistics and ANOVA Testing for Differences in English Language and Literacy Raw Scores Across Language Groups
| English monolinguals | Spanish-English bilinguals | Chinese-English bilinguals | F | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
| Age | 7.38 | 1.05 | 7.64 | 1.03 | 7.04 | 1.19 | 5.27 | .006** |
| Maternal educationa | 9.04 | 1.67 | 8.21 | 2.26 | 9.39 | 2.03 | 6.02 | .003** |
| English vocabulary | 147.16 | 17.64 | 142.30 | 21.33 | 139.74 | 25.29 | 2.19 | .114 |
| Phonological awareness | 22.88 | 6.51 | 22.71 | 7.72 | 22.32 | 6.86 | 0.11 | .893 |
| Derivational morphology | 9.72 | 3.21 | 8.35 | 3.65 | 8.51 | 3.77 | 3.10 | .047* |
| Compound morphology | 9.78 | 2.90 | 9.25 | 2.98 | 8.81 | 3.40 | 1.70 | .185 |
| Word reading | 46.51 | 13.56 | 47.43 | 14.11 | 47.52 | 13.85 | 0.11 | .892 |
| Reading comprehension | 25.79 | 7.61 | 24.08 | 7.25 | 25.67 | 7.21 | 1.13 | .326 |
| Spanish/Chinese vocabulary standard score | - | - | 108.60 | 16.20 | 95.90 | 17.39 | 2.89 | .091 |
Note.
a
Educational attainment scale: 8 = Completed bachelor’s degree; 9 = Some graduate school; 10 = Completed master’s degree. English language and literacy skills are all presented as raw scores for comparison across groups of slightly different ages.