. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Biling (Camb Engl). 2022 Aug 18;26(2):268–283. doi: 10.1017/s1366728922000517

Table 4.

Intercorrelations Between Literacy Variables by Language Group

	1	2	3	4	5	6
English monolinguals (N = 69)
1. English vocabulary	-
2. Phonological awareness	.50^***	-
3. Single word reading	.74^***	.62^***	-
4. Reading comprehension	.71^***	.71^***	.91^***	-
5. Derivational morphology	.63^***	.67^***	.79^***	.79^***	-
6. Compound morphology	.59^***	.52^***	.66^***	.65^***	.71^***	-
Spanish-English bilinguals (N = 69)
1. English vocabulary	-
2. Phonological awareness	.47^***	-
3. Single word reading	.58^***	.80^***	-
4. Reading comprehension	.72^***	.67^***	.85^***	-
5. Derivational morphology	.64^***	.55^***	.61^***	.67^***	-
6. Compound morphology	.57^***	.63^***	.70^***	.68^***	.74^***	-
7. Spanish vocabulary	.59^***	.28^**	.46^***	.53^***	.35^**	.41^**
Chinese-English bilinguals (N = 69)
1. English vocabulary	-
2. Phonological awareness	.51^***	-
3. Single word reading	.74^***	.73^***	-
4. Reading comprehension	.72^***	.63^***	.86^***	-
5. Derivational morphology	.74^***	.58^***	.81^***	.79^***	-
6. Compound morphology	.53^***	.45^***	.60^***	.58^***	.74^***	-
7. Chinese vocabulary	.23^†	.18	.14	.22^†	.16	.26^*

Note.

^†

p < .10

p < .05

^**

p < .01

^***

p < .001.