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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Agric Biol Environ Stat. 2022 Sep 11;28(1):20–41. doi: 10.1007/s13253-022-00508-z

Table 1:

Relative bias and coverage probabilities averaged over the simulated ERF estimates when measurement error is present.

n m ω 2 τ 2 GPS Outcome EPE Relative Bias
95% Coverage Probability
No Correction Regression Calibration BART Multiple Imputation GLM Multiple Imputation No Correction Regression Calibration BART Multiple Imputation GLM Multiple Imputation

400 2,000 1 1 0.35 (−0.09) 0.28 (−0.09) 0.21 (−0.06) −0.03 (−0.02) 0.44 (0.52) 0.53 (0.54) 0.75 (0.78) 0.83 (0.90)
400 2,000 1 2 0.42 (−0.11) 0.30 (−0.09) 0.28 (−0.06) −0.05 (−0.02) 0.39 (0.40) 0.52 (0.46) 0.74 (0.73) 0.70 (0.91)
400 2,000 2 1 0.38 (−0.12) 0.32 (−0.11) 0.22 (−0.08) −0.03 (−0.02) 0.39 (0.45) 0.45 (0.48) 0.71 (0.70) 0.85 (0.90)
400 2,000 2 2 0.42 (−0.14) 0.29 (−0.13) 0.21 (−0.08) −0.05 (−0.02) 0.36 (0.35) 0.45 (0.44) 0.71 (0.62) 0.75 (0.92)
400 4,000 1 1 0.30 (−0.06) 0.21 (−0.06) 0.20 (−0.04) −0.03 (−0.02) 0.53 (0.66) 0.63 (0.69) 0.78 (0.78) 0.80 (0.91)
400 4,000 1 2 0.31 (−0.08) 0.18 (−0.07) 0.21 (−0.05) −0.06 (−0.02) 0.47 (0.58) 0.63 (0.65) 0.78 (0.76) 0.64 (0.92)
400 4,000 2 1 0.29 (−0.09) 0.23 (−0.08) 0.19 (−0.06) −0.02 (−0.02) 0.47 (0.58) 0.55 (0.64) 0.74 (0.72) 0.86 (0.92)
400 4,000 2 2 0.30 (−0.11) 0.19 (−0.10) 0.15 (−0.07) −0.04 (−0.02) 0.42 (0.48) 0.58 (0.52) 0.76 (0.71) 0.69 (0.93)
800 4,000 1 1 0.29 (−0.08) 0.21 (−0.07) 0.12 (−0.03) −0.04 (0.00) 0.42 (0.45) 0.53 (0.52) 0.76 (0.75) 0.77 (0.96)
800 4,000 1 2 0.35 (−0.11) 0.22 (−0.09) 0.12 (−0.04) −0.07 (0.00) 0.37 (0.38) 0.50 (0.44) 0.72 (0.74) 0.62 (0.96)
800 4,000 2 1 0.36 (−0.10) 0.29 (−0.09) 0.15 (−0.04) −0.04 (0.00) 0.37 (0.38) 0.41 (0.39) 0.73 (0.71) 0.82 (0.96)
800 4,000 2 2 0.43 (−0.12) 0.31 (−0.10) 0.13 (−0.04) −0.06 (0.00) 0.35 (0.30) 0.43 (0.38) 0.72 (0.72) 0.65 (0.94)
800 8,000 1 1 0.20 (−0.06) 0.15 (−0.05) 0.10 (−0.03) −0.04 (−0.01) 0.50 (0.67) 0.65 (0.69) 0.78 (0.83) 0.74 (0.94)
800 8,000 1 2 0.26 (−0.06) 0.16 (−0.05) 0.10 (−0.03) −0.07 (0.00) 0.44 (0.56) 0.59 (0.60) 0.72 (0.76) 0.59 (0.94)
800 8,000 2 1 0.22 (−0.08) 0.17 (−0.07) 0.10 (−0.03) −0.04 (−0.01) 0.45 (0.52) 0.55 (0.58) 0.78 (0.78) 0.78 (0.94)
800 8,000 2 2 0.28 (−0.08) 0.19 (−0.07) 0.11 (−0.03) −0.07 (−0.01) 0.42 (0.45) 0.56 (0.53) 0.73 (0.74) 0.62 (0.94)

800 4,000 2 1 0.91 (−0.09) 0.30 (−0.09) 0.15 (−0.04) −0.03 (0.00) 0.30 (0.47) 0.42 (0.40) 0.71 (0.73) 0.76 (0.93)
800 4,000 2 1 0.18 (−0.20) 0.11 (−0.20) −0.01 (−0.14) 0.04 (0.00) 0.25 (0.02) 0.32 (0.03) 0.55 (0.14) 0.32 (0.96)
800 4,000 2 1 0.60 (−0.22) 0.11 (−0.20) −0.01 (−0.14) 0.05 (0.00) 0.19 (0.02) 0.30 (0.02) 0.55 (0.15) 0.32 (0.97)
800 4,000 2 1 0.52 (−0.06) 0.46 (−0.05) 0.29 (−0.01) −0.03 (0.00) 0.45 (0.54) 0.49 (0.58) 0.75 (0.82) 0.75 (0.93)
800 4,000 2 1 1.28 (0.02) 0.59 (−0.02) 0.40 (0.02) −0.03 (0.00) 0.34 (0.66) 0.49 (0.61) 0.74 (0.82) 0.74 (0.93)
800 4,000 2 1 0.15 (−0.21) 0.08 (−0.20) −0.05 (−0.15) −0.09 (−0.05) 0.18 (0.01) 0.28 (0.01) 0.44 (0.08) 0.37 (0.77)
800 4,000 2 1 0.52 (−0.25) 0.02 (−0.23) −0.09 (−0.16) −0.09 (−0.05) 0.15 (0.00) 0.25 (0.00) 0.41 (0.04) 0.38 (0.72)

The values in parentheses represent the statistics evaluated at a = 11. The check-marks indicates whether the corresponding model labeled in the column header is misspecified. The GLM approach refers to the multiple imputation implementation using a log-linear outcome model. The BART approach to multiple imputation uses a BART outcome model.