Table 4.

Studies describing LDCT screening disparities in other vulnerable populations, including the uninsured and sexual minorities

Author	Study type	Data source	No. patients	Years studied	Research question/objective	Main finding(s)
Matthews et al. (15)	Retrospective, observational	NESARC-III	9,635	2012–2013	To compare cigarette smoking prevalence and LDCT screening eligibility between U.S. adults of different sexual orientations	• Sexual minorities had higher rates of smoking and LDCT eligibility, with the greatest rates observed among bisexual women and men.
Zahnd et al. (36)	Cross-sectional	BRFSS	4,374	2017	To determine LDCT screening uptake among 10 states in 2017	• Screening rates were significantly lower among patients who were uninsured compared to those who had any form of insurance.
Zgodic et al. (37)	Cross-sectional	BRFSS	4,373	2017	To determine demographic, financial, and health care factors associated with LDCT screening uptake in a population based survey	• LDCT screening rates were significantly higher among those who were younger, insured, had chronic respiratory conditions, were single/separated/windowed, or who had previous cancer diagnoses.
Veliz et al. (38)	Retrospective, observational	BRFSS	20,685	2017	To evaluate the association between sexual orientation and the eligibility for and receipt of LDCT lung cancer screening	• Rates of LDCT eligibility are twice as high for sexual minorities than heterosexuals. • There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of LDCT screening by sexual orientation group.

LDCT, low-dose computed tomography; BRFSS, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey; NESARC-III, National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.