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[Preprint]. 2023 Apr 6:2023.02.15.23285952. [Version 2] doi: 10.1101/2023.02.15.23285952

Figure 1. Principles of Mendelian randomisation (MR) and study overview: (a) Assumptions in MR that need to be satisfied to derive unbiased causal effect estimates.

Figure 1.

Dashed lines represent direct causal and potential pleiotropic effects that would violate MR assumptions. A, indicates genetic variants used as IVs are strongly associated with the trait; B, indicates genetic variants only influence cancer risk through the trait; C, indicates genetic variants are not associated with any measured or unmeasured confounders of the trait-cancer relationship. SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; (b) Study overview. Created with BioRender.com.