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. 2023 Apr 14;18(4):e0284423. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284423

Table 5. Causal ranking of the barriers (the cause group and the effect group).

Denotation Barrier D-R Ranking Group
B11 Inadequate compliance with safety and hazard regulations 1.3749 1 Cause Group
B6 Lack of periodic inspection and preventive maintenance 0.7963 2
B13 Inadequate supply and availability of spare parts 0.4047 3
B2 High dependency on nonrenewable energy sources 0.2522 4
B12 Inadequate boiler room ventilation and safety measures 0.1660 5
B7 Absence of heat recovery system 0.0158 6
B5 Absence of water treatment facilities -0.0643 1 Effect Group
B10 Lack of skilled manpower -0.0994 2
B8 Not recycling blowdown water -0.1227 3
B1 Usage of old and inefficient infrastructure -0.1910 4
B4 Improper heat insulation -0.2974 5
B9 Excessive consumption of groundwater -0.9084 6
B3 Fossil fuel burning and GHG emissions -1.3269 7