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. 2023 Apr 14;9(15):eadf3904. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3904

Fig. 3. Genetic diversity of the Xiongnu.

Fig. 3.

(A) Principal components analysis (PCA) of Takhiltyn Khotgor (TAK) (yellow squares) and Shombuuzyn Belchir (SBB) (red circles) individuals. Other Xiongnu individuals are shown as hollow diamonds (early Xiongnu) and black diamonds (late Xiongnu). Ancient individuals were projected on the PCs calculated with 2077 present-day Eurasian individuals (gray). Inset shows PC1 on the x-axis and PC3 on the y axis. PC3 explains the 0.33% of the total variance. The x axis and y axis ticks have the same values across all panels, except the inset of (A) where the y axis ranges from −0.04 to 0.06. (B) PCA of Gol Mod 2 (azure squares) and other Xiongnu sites with five or more genetically analyzed individuals: Salkhityn Am (SKT) (purple squares), Uguumur Uul (blue circles), and Il’movaya Pad (IMA) (green circles). (C) PCA of the preceding Early Iron Age (EIA) Sagly/Uyuk (pink triangles) and Slab Grave (green down-pointing triangles) individuals. (D) PCA of TAK individuals, with color indicating tomb complex and size reflecting grave type. (E) PCA of SBB individuals, with color indicating cluster membership and size reflecting grave type. SBB005 is a second-degree genetic relative of SBB001 and SBB007.