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. 2023 Apr 14;9(15):eadf3904. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3904

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Fig. 4. — Left presents PC1 coordinates for individuals at Takhiltyn Khotgor (TAK), Shombuuzyn Belchir (SBB), and three previously reported Xiongnu sites with five or more sequenced individuals (14). For comparison, we also display PC1 coordinates for Xiongnu, Chandman_IA, and SlabGrave individuals as three independent clusters. The color of the boxes indicates the time period: Early Iron, pink; early Xiongnu, dark gray; late Xiongnu, light gray; and entire Xiongnu, light blue. Newly reported sites (TAK and SBB) are marked by a surrounding box. The PC1 distribution of Xiongnu individuals as a whole exceeds that of the prior Early Iron Age (EIA). With the exception of Il’movaya Pad (IMA), the PC1 distribution of individuals within each Xiongnu site is broader than that of either Chandman_IA or SlabGrave, and the overall PC1 distribution of individuals at Xiongnu sites is generally high. This indicates that the high genetic diversity observed among the Xiongnu as a whole is also reflected within Xiongnu communities. On the right, we compare PC1 coordinates of TAK/SBB individuals according to their social status (high versus low). The color of the boxes indicates social status: green, high; yellow, low; and it matches the color of the dots on the left. The overall PC1 distribution of the high-class individuals is more restricted than that of the lower class individuals.