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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 14.
Published in final edited form as: Front Trop Dis. 2022;3:1082334. doi: 10.3389/fitd.2022.1082334

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

In vitro studies suggest a model for pro-inflammatory cytokine production during N. fowleri infection. N. fowleri attach to the olfactory epithelium and invade into the olfactory bulb through OSN axon tract. In the olfactory epithelium layer, resident macrophages and sustentacular cells may secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to N. fowleri. In the olfactory bulb, microglia, astrocytes, endothelial cells, and macrophages may produce multiple pro- inflammatory cytokines after N. fowleri exposure. These cytokines likely play important anti- amoebic roles, but are also immunopathologic.