Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample (n = 390) of the Gutenberg prematurity eye study for each group.
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age | GA ≥ 37 | GA 33–36 | GA 29–32 | GA ≤ 28 | GA ≤ 32 | GA ≤ 32 |
| no ROP | no ROP | no ROP | ROP without treatment | ROP with treatment | ||
| Participants/eyes (n) | 131 / 253 | 124 / 241 | 82 / 159 | 14 / 27 | 31 / 62 | 8 / 12 |
| Sex (Women) (%) | 76 (58.0%) | 74 (59.7%) | 45 (54.9%) | 8 (57.1%) | 18 (58.1%) | 3 (37.5%) |
| Age (y) | 29.8 ± 9.0 | 29.4 ± 9.2 | 28.1 ± 8.1 | 24.7 ± 7.9 | 25.1 ± 6.1 | 26.3 ± 4.7 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3433 ± 390 | 2076 ± 477 | 1531 ± 328 | 928 ± 202 | 1031 ± 378 | 751 ± 186 |
| Birth weight < 1500 g (yes) | 0 (0%) | 13 (10.5%) | 37 (45.1%) | 14 (100%) | 27 (87.1%) | 8 (100%) |
| Birth weight < 1000 g (yes) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (6.1%) | 9 (64.3%) | 16 (51.6%) | 7 (87.5%) |
| Birth weight percentile | 49.3 ± 21.4 | 25.4 ± 24.3 | 42.9 ± 24.8 | 46.1 ± 26.0 | 38.4 ± 27.1 | 26.5 ± 27.7 |
| Gestational age (wks) | 39.4 ± 1.3 | 34.3 ± 0.9 | 30.6 ± 1.1 | 26.5 ± 1.6 | 27.7 ± 1.9 | 26.3 ± 1.8 |
| (min–max) | (37–43) | (33–36) | (29–32) | (23–28) | (24–32) | (24–29) |
| ROP stage (1/2/3) | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 21/30/4 | 0/3/9 |
| Perinatal adverse events (yes)a | 1 (0.8%) | 3 (2.4%) | 6 (7.3%) | 2 (14.3%) | 10 (32.3%) | 6 (75.0%) |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage (yes)b | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (6.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| Bronchopulmonary dyplasy (yes)c | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3.7%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (25.8%) | 3 (37.5%) |
| Necrotizing entercolitis (yes)d | 0 (0%) | 3 (2.4%) | 2 (2.4%) | 2 (14.3%) | 2 (6.5%) | 3 (37.5%) |
| Preeclampsia (yes) | 11 (8.4%) | 23 (18.5%) | 9 (11.0%) | 3 (21.4%) | 6 (19.4%) | 2 (25.0%) |
| Placental insufficiency (yes) | 1 (0.8%) | 15 (12.1%) | 2 (2.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3.2%) | 0 (0%) |
| HELLP-syndrome | 0 (0%) | 6 (4.8%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (9.7%) | 0 (0%) |
| Maternal smoking (yes)e | 6 (4.6%) | 7 (5.6%) | 8 (9.8%) | 1 (7.1%) | 4 (12.9%) | 2 (25.0%) |
| Gestational diabetes (yes) | 1 (0.8%) | 6 (4.8%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3.2%) | 0 (0%) |
| Breastfeeding (yes) | 73 (55.7%) | 68 (54.8%) | 44 (53.7%) | 5 (35.7%) | 12 (38.7%) | 3 (37.5%) |
| Ocular parameters | ||||||
| Spherical equivalent (dpt) OD | −0.24 ± 2.58 | −0.02 ± 3.15 | 0.16 ± 1.80 | -0.3 ± 1.9 | 0.50 ± 4.30 | -5.5 ± 7.0 |
| Spherical equivalent (dpt) OS | −0.23 ± 2.60 | −0.01 ± 3.10 | 0.17 ± 1.79 | -0.14 ± 2.2 | 0.49 ± 4.28 | -3.5 ± 7.8 |
| Intraocular pressure (mmHg) OD | 15.2 ± 2.8 | 14.7 ± 2.9 | 15.3 ± 3.3 | 17.0 ± 3.5 | 15.3 ± 4.3 | 17.6 ± 3.4 |
| Intraocular pressure (mmHg) OS | 15.1 ± 2.8 | 14.6 ± 2.8 | 15.2 ± 3.2 | 15.1 ± 3.1 | 15.2 ± 4.2 | 16.0 ± 1.8 |
g - gram; mm-millimeter; dpt – diopter; OD - right eye; OS – left eye.
a
Perinatal adverse events were defined as:
b
occurrence of intraventricular hemorrhage (at least grade 3 or parenchymal hemorrhage) and/or
c
moderate or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasy and/or
d
occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis
e
maternal smoking during pregnancy.