Table 3.

«Quo vadis»: possible future directions for the BBB investigation after NIBS treatment.

Cell culture studies			Animal studies		Human studies
Parameters to be analyzed after electrical, magnetic or ultrasonic stimulation
• Viability • Proliferation • Morphology • Intracellular redox-sensitive parameters • Intracellular ion concentrations • NO • Permeability to tracers • Transendothelial electrical resistance • Distribution and level of the tight junction proteins			• Distribution and level of the tight junction proteins • Morphology • Permeability to tracers • Tracer localization in different brain areas • Intracellular redox-sensitive parameters		• The BBB permeability to tracers • Tracer localization in different brain areas • Pathomorphology
Approach (model)
Immortalized human brain endothelial cells	The BBB cellular models of AD comprised of (1) primary endothelial cells (2) endothelial cells, astrocytes, neurons and pericytes	Induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated into brain cells	Behavior and cognitive performance in AD animal model	Molecular and cellular aspects in AD animal models	PET and MRI in AD clinical trials	Combination of NIBS and PET/MRI in AD clinical trials