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. 2023 Apr 14;9:61. doi: 10.1038/s41531-023-00495-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A Surface maps indicate a significant relationship between articulation impairment ratings and frequency-resolved functional connectivity, computed using orthogonalized amplitude envelope correlations (AEC) with the peak vertex of the relationship from Fig. 3 as the seed. B β-connectivity and articulation impairments from the peak vertex of this relationship are plotted on the left, and the relationship between the same β-connectivity values and cognitive function (i.e., Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA] scores) are plotted on the right. C Paths between MoCA scores, articulation impairment ratings, and β-connectivity values to the left indicate partial correlations (r) between each set of variables. The correlation value in parentheses represents the mediated relationship between MoCA scores and articulation impairment ratings when accounting for β-connectivity. The total effect, average direct effect (ADE), and average causal mediation effect (ACME; i.e., indirect effect) are plotted with 95% confidence intervals to the right. All models controlled for age. Shaded intervals represent the 95% confidence interval. **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.