Table 1.

Overview of included studies

Author and year	Purpose	Setting	Sample size	Participants	Sampling	Response rate	Design	Time points	Data collection tools	Intervention
Bossio et al. 2021 Canada	To examine the feasibility of a mindfulness group aimed at improving sexual intimacy for couples following prostate cancer treatments	Prostate cancer survivorship program Vancouver General Hospital	N = 14 couples	Clinical: Couples with sexual dysfunction secondary to prostate cancer treatments In a relationship longer than × 1 year. Partners could be of any gender Demographics: Men’s mean age: 65.6 (52–75) All partners identified as women mean age of 61.4 (44–74) years Education: Some college/undergraduate degrees 28.6%	Convenience	Not reported	Mixed methods	3	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Relationship: Adapted dyadic adjustment scale (ADAS) Sexual functioning: Global measure of sexual satisfaction (GMSEX). International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF). Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Depression and anxiety Hospital Anxiety and depression scale (HADS) Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire short form (FFMQ-SF)	4 session mindfulness-based therapy group Principles of psychoeducation, mindfulness skills practice, cognitive behavioural therapy Groups were 2 h in length weekly Invited to complete homework 10–60 min each day
Chambers et al. 2014 Australia	To investigate the efficacy of couples-based peer-delivered telephone support or couples-based nurse-delivered telephone counselling or usual care in improving couples’ sexual and psychosocial adjustment after diagnosis and treatment of localised prostate cancer	16 urologists in private clinics Public/private hospital in QLD 35 patients from a public service announcement in Australia	N = 189	Clinical: Newly diagnosed localised prostate cancer having radical prostatectomy or < 12 months post-surgery, heterosexual cohabitating couple r/ship Demographics: mean age men 62.70 (SD 6.80) mean age -women 59.78 (SD 7.38) Education: 65.1% of men completed some form of education/technical trade compared to 47.6% of women	Convenience	46.7% completed baseline assessments 76% completed all assessments 84% of couples completed 12 months follow-up	RCT	4	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire. Sexual functioning). International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF). Female sexual Function Index (FSFI). Sexual supportive care needs Subscale of supportive care needs survey The psychological impact of erectile dysfunction- Sexual experience, Masculine self-esteem scale Relationship: The revised Dyadic Adjustment scale Program evaluation: open-ended questions	3-arm RCT-phone/ counselling support telephone-delivered in 6 (post-surgery recruitment) or 8 sessions (pre-surgery recruitment) Usual care: standard medical management, set of published education materials Nurse intervention: nurse counselling principles of cognitive behavioural & sexuality, behavioural homework, including expression of affection and non-demanding sexual touch, challenging negative beliefs about CaP ageing sexuality, helping the couple choose a medical treatment for ED and integrating into their sexual relationship Peer Intervention Shared personal experience, components include, psycho-educational experiences with surgery & recovery of ED management, managing and reviewing goals
Chambers et al. 2019 Australia	To investigate 5-year outcomes of couples-based intervention for men with localised prostate cancer	Extension of RCT Intervention (mail)	N = 240 Year 2 N = 236 Year 3 N = 235 Year 4 N = 215 Year 5 N = 201	Clinical: Completed RCT for newly diagnosed localised prostate cancer having radical prostatectomy or < 12 months post-surgery, heterosexual cohabitating couple r/ship Demographics: mean age men 62.70 (SD 6.80) mean age -women 59.78 (SD 7.38) Education: 65.1% of men completed some form of education/technical trade compared to 47.6% of women	Convenience	84% of men and 80.5% of partners completed 5-year assessment	Extension of RCT by invitation Mail validated self-report measures	4	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire. Sexual functioning). International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF). Female sexual Function Index (FSFI). Sexual supportive care needs Subscale of supportive care needs survey The psychological impact of erectile dysfunction- sexual experience, masculine self-esteem scale Relationship: The revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale	3-arm RCT-phone/counselling support telephone-delivered in 6 (post-surgery recruitment) or 8 sessions (pre-surgery recruitment) Usual care: standard medical management, set of published education materials Nurse intervention: nurse counselling principles of cognitive behavioural & sexuality, behavioural homework, including expression of affection and non-demanding sexual touch, challenging negative beliefs about CaP ageing sexuality, helping the couple choose a medical treatment for ED and integrating into their sexual relationship Peer Intervention Shared personal experience, components include, psycho-educational experiences with surgery & recovery of ED management, managing and reviewing goals
Davison et al. 2005 Canada	To assess the feasibility of a prostate sexual rehabilitation clinic	Prostate Center Vancouver General Hospital	N = 90	Clinical: men with prostate cancer treatment-related sexual concerns. RP N = 121, EBRT N = 10, BT N = 10, WW N = 3, RP + salvage RT N = 5 Demographics: Mean age: 64.4 SD (7.82) Education: < high school-6.5%, high school -24.7%, 68% > High school level	Convenience	N = 155 approached N = 90 -58% responded partners N = 58 response 60% at 4 months	Quantitative study	2	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Sexual function: International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF-15). Feelings towards partner: The positive feeling Questionnaire (PFQ). Couples’ satisfaction: Satisfaction questionnaire (SQ) Couples satisfaction with treatment: The ED inventory of treatment satisfaction	A dedicated prostate sexual rehabilitation clinic Staffed by 2 trained Nurse Specialists in sexual health Clinicians conducted a detailed sexual assessment on the first visit Patients were provided information on available sexual aids i.e., oral medication, injections, vacuum devices, surgical implants Counselling about sexual repertoire to enhance the sexual experience Follow-up care
Grondhuis-Palacios et al. 2018 Netherlands	To explore who will provide sexual healthcare and when according to men with prostate cancer and their partner	Oncology Registration Leiden University	N = 253 N = 174 Partner	Clinical: Local disease N = 232, Regional node metastases N = 11, metastasised disease N = 8, TMN unknown N = 2. Treatment type: AS-N = 17, RP-N = 64, BT-25, IMRT-N = 60, IMRT + ADT-N = 71, ADT-N = 15, Other-N = 1 Demographics: Mean age: 69.3 SD 6,9 (range 45–89) Education: No qualification/elementary school 16–6.3%, Lower vocational 65–25.7% Intermediate vocational 56–22.1% Higher secondary 33–13.1% Higher education 81–32%	Convenience	Not reported	Cross-sectional survey	1	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Questionnaires designed by authors: 47 items sexual function before and after treatment, experience and satisfaction regarding current sexual healthcare and desired sexual management Partners questionnaire: 14 items about sexuality throughout their partner’s treatment & whether counselling in sexuality and /or relational matters would be appreciated	Questionnaire exploring the current situation of sexual healthcare and satisfaction of treatment options provided to men having treatment-related sexual dysfunction Investigate which healthcare provider is preferred and what is considered a suitable time for sexual counselling to commence
Karlsen et al 2017 Denmark	To assess the feasibility and acceptability of couple counselling and pelvic floor muscle training after surgery for prostate cancer	Department of Urology Rigshospitalet	N = 6 couples	Clinical: have a female sexual partner, undergone surgery within 3–4 weeks Demographics: Mean age 64.1 (58–72) Education: not reported	Convenience	n = 6 couples recruitment 14%	Single-arm trial	3	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Sexual function: International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF). Female sexual Function Index (FSFI)	Standard care-preoperative instruction in PFMT, regular outpatient visits with a physician referral to municipal rehabilitation. Medical treatment if not contraindicated- daily PDE5 inhibitor or on demand, Alprostadil pin or penile injections Pro Can intervention 6 × 1-h couples counselling (nurse certified in sexual counselling) On a need basis X1 group instruction in PFMT X3 Individual PFMT with physio (needs basis) & DVD PFMT for home training Couple Counselling Initiated as soon as a couple felt ready Semi-structured explorative and informing elements of sexual therapy Structured using the first 3 levels of the PLISSIT model
Karlsen et al. 2021 Denmark	To test the effect of the Pro Can intervention (couples counselling & PFMT) on sexual & urinary function after surgery for prostate cancer	Clinic of Urology Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen	N = 16 N = 19 Healthy controls	Clinical: men having radical prostatectomy nerve sparing and non-nerve sparing Demographics: Mean age 64.1 (58–72) Educational: not reported	Convenience	Not reported	RCT	3	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Patient-reported outcomes: Sexual function: International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF) Secondary outcomes: urinary function: Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite Short Form (EPIC -26) Sexual function: Female sexual Function Index (FSFI) Sexual distress: Female sexual distress scale Relationship function- Dyadic adjustment scale HRQOl: symptom checklist 92- anxiety Major depression Inventory General self-efficacy GSE	Two arms RTC 1:1 Usual treatment (both groups received this) Pre-surgery instruction in PFMT, regular tests for PSA, an outpatient visit to a physician, referral to municipal rehab (focusing on PFMT) treatment for ED was offered if not contraindicated with pde5 inhibitors, pin or penile injection of alprostadil Pro Can Intervention 6 1-h couples counselling with a certified sexual counsellor X3 individual instructions in PFMT complemented with a home video training program. Encouraged to complete at least 2 couples counselling and × 1 PFMT session Counselling indicated approx. 2–3 months after surgery and continued for 6 months discussing their feelings, relationship, intimacy and sex if interested introduced to sensuality training to increase their intimacy & desire without penetrative sex PFMT- credited Physio 3–4 months of study inclusion
Letts et al. 2010 Canada New Brunswick	To explore the impact of prostate cancer treatment on a broad range of aspects of men’s sexual wellbeing	Prostate cancer support Groups in 3 major centers in a small Canadian province	N = 19	Clinical: Radiotherapy N = 10, RP N = 9 1–5 years post treatment.50% reported physical health problems (diabetes, heart condition, heart surgery) Demographics: Mean age 65 (54–79) Age of diagnosis 49–74 Education: beyond high school diploma 45%	Purposive	Response rate N = 22 Refused to provide pre- and post-sexual function data N = 1 Cognitive difficulty N = 1 Unwell- N = 1	Qualitative study Interview 90 min (45–120) study	1	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Checklist potential post-treatment physical, emotional, and sexual symptoms rated 1–5 point scale used during the interview Interview Questions-Describe their pre & post treatment sexual desire, erections, sexual satisfaction, orgasm and frequency & type of sexual activities Nature and extent of changes on emotional impact & impact on partner Use & effectiveness of medical treatment	Qualitative Interviews to understand the men’s lived experience of the impact of Prostate cancer on aspects of their sexual well-being What changes to their sexual well-being What emotional changes do they experience Men’s perceptions of the impact of sexual changes on their partner’s sexual well-being What information is provided to men on the potential impact of sexual functioning and dealing with changes in their sexual functioning
Mehta et al. 2019 USA	To explore what patients and their partners want in interventions that support sexual recovery after prostate cancer treatment	Urology and radiation oncology out-patient departments at 2 academic medical center in the US Midwest & South represent Urban Suburban Rural	N = 14 N = 10 Partner	Clinical: N = 9 Radical Prostatectomy, N = 3 Radical Prostatectomy + RT N = 1 RT & ADT, N = 1 ADT only N = 3 same-sex partners Demographics: Mean age Patient-62 (51–84), Partner-63 (35–83) Education: Patient High school-N = 3–21% College degree-N = 10–71% Graduate degree N = 2–21% Education: partner High school-N = 2–20% College degree-N = 7–70% Graduate degree N = 2–20%	Convenience	Not reported	mixed methods study	1	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Diagnosis & treatment of CaP abstracted from patient notes Functional measures: Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) Sexual function: Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF) Interview Questions: 3 domains (i) Experience with prostate cancer treatment (ii) Support received/needed for sexual recovery (iii) Recommendations for an intervention that would aid sexual recovery after treatment	Sexual function assessments & validated instruments provided context for participants’ views expressed in the focus groups Qualitative component with focus groups & participants Interviews to understand their experiences with treatment side effects and support received & needed for sexual recovery
Miller et al. 2006 USA	To assess the prevalence and outcomes of erectile dysfunction therapy among long-term prostate cancer survivors and assess sexual motivation and patterns of ED therapy	Michigan Urology Center Controls University of Michigan Geriatric Center	N = 896 N = 112 Healthy Controls	Clinical: N = 665 Radical Prostatectomy (RP), Bilat NS 66%, Unilateral NS 12%, NNS 21% N = 147 3D-CRT, N = 84 BT, Time frame: 4–8 years post-treatment Demographics: Median age RP 67.2,3D-CRT 75.7, BT 70.4 Education- not reported	Secondary	72% overall response rate N = 650 (72.5%) Control response rate N = 74- (66%)	Quantitative survey Secondary analysis	1	Question to evaluate the current quality of unassisted erections: “How would you describe the current quality of your erections without the assistance of medications/devices during the past 4 weeks”? Sexual function: Expanded Prostate Cancer Index composite-26 Short form (EPIC-26) (EPIC). Item added “Overall, how big a problem has your sexual function or lack of sexual function during the past 4 weeks” Sexually motivated: if participants describe it as a big-moderate problem Indifferent: Small problem with current sexual function	Survey of the participants for the use of medications or devices and the frequency of use Interventions included: medications, sildenafil, intraurethral alprostadil, penile injection therapy, vacuum erectile device
Naccarato et al. 2016 Brazil	To evaluate the impact of group psychotherapy and the use of Pde-5i early in men who are undergoing surgery for CaP	Not reported	N = 53	Clinical: N = 53 preoperative patients undergoing NS and NNS Radical Prostatectomy NS- N = 26, NNS N = 21, Unilateral-N = 6 47% had prior ED before surgery Demographics: Mean age-61.84 (39–76) Education: Incomplete elementary school 37/53	Convenience	Response rate N = 56 Lost to follow-up N = 3	Prospective randomised control trial	2	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Individual interviews Questionnaire: developed by interviewers unvalidated (weekly) after surgery evaluating aspects of intimacy with partner & satisfaction with sex life Quality of Life: Short form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF36) Sexual function: International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF)	Group psychotherapy & Pde5 inhibitors Group 1: Control Group 2: Group psychotherapy Group 3: Lodenafil 80 mg per week Group 4: Group psychotherapy Lodenafil 80 mg weekly
Nelson et al. 2019 USA	To assess the feasibility of psychological intervention based on acceptance and commitment to utilise penile injections for penile rehabilitation	Sexual Medicine Program Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center	N = 53	Clinical: RP (open, robotic) within 9 months, good ED function pre-op, Demographics: mean age ACT-ED- 60 (SD 7.5) EM- 61 (SD 7.3) Education: College degree or higher total 73%	Convenience	89% N = 47 completed interventions ACT- N = 22 EM-N = 25 81% 83% N = 44 completed all 4 monthly study ACT-N = 21 EM- N = 23 8 months 60% ACT-N = 15 EMN = 17	Pilot randomised RCT	3	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Primary outcome: injection use, syringes used to count at 4- & 8-month visit Secondary study outcomes several self-report measures Satisfaction of using penile injections Erectile dysfunction Inventory of treatment satisfaction (EDITS) Sexual self-esteem & confidence: Sexual self-esteem and relationship questionnaire (SEAR) Sexual bother (SB) assessed the subscale of Prostate health-related quality of life. Depression is assessed using the Center for Epidemiological studies depression revised scale. Prostate cancer treatment regret: 5-item questionnaire scale to reflect on the decision of selecting surgery as their treatment for CaP Sexual Function: EFD subscale of International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF)	Psychological intervention Randomised 1:1 Standard care (SC) initial visit to sexual medicine clinic (6–24 weeks post-surgery), Penile rehabilitation concept & Injection training 2 sessions (1 h), phone calls to titrate the dose, 4 months f/up Enhanced Monitoring: (EM) 7 phone contacts at the same time interval as ACT-ED Acceptance & commitment therapy (ACT) for ED Acceptance & willingness to experimental exposure commitment, Clinical psychologist 3 brief (5–10 min) phone calls progressed until 4 weeks apart Last ACT-ED in person
Obrien et al 2010 UK	To determine the Unmet psychosexual needs of prostate cancer patients during follow-up treatment	3 General practice settings North Wales East Lothian Thames Valley	N = 35 N = 18 Partner	Clinical: treatment curative, hormonal, monitoring and by whom primary, secondary or shared care. Follow-up range 9 months -14 years post-treatment Demographics: age 59–82 Education: not reported	Purposive	45 patients approached reasons not recorded for participants that declined study	Qualitative study	1	Exploratory interviews: Open non-directive questions Discussion with consultations: Identifying men’s unmet psychosexual needs, Lack of rapport with staff, Living with side effects: Concealment, resistance & acceptance of psychosexual problems, unmet psychosexual needs of older patients, partners’ psychological needs	Postal Invitations to patients and/or partners could be included Exploratory interviews were conducted using a topic guide Including; diagnosis, current treatment, and follow-up care
Pillay et al. 2017 Australia	To Explore QOL, psychological functioning & treatment satisfaction of men who have had penile prosthesis after radical prostatectomy	2 Private urology practices	N = 71 N = 43 Partner	Clinical: Penile implant following RP, the average time since surgery 933 (SD 466) Demographics: Mean age 63.2 men, partners 59 Education: At most school education All men-25% Men & partner-29% Partners -40% TAFE/TRADE All men-19% Men& partner-24%% Partners -2% Undergraduate Degree All men-29% Men& partner-24% Partners -28% Post Graduate training All men-26% Men& partner-22% Partners -30%	Convenience	72.4%	Cross-sectional Retrospective study	1	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Patient questionnaires: Prostate-specific Quality of life scales: Clark scales The expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite Short Form (EPIC-26) Depression & anxiety: Generalized Anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) Sexual Dysfunction: The erectile dysfunction Inventory of treatment satisfactory (EDITS) Sexual self-esteem & confidence: Sexual self-esteem and relationship questionnaire (SEAR) Partner Questionnaire Generalized Anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) PHQ-9 The erectile dysfunction Inventory of treatment satisfactory (EDITS)-partner version Sexual self-esteem & confidence: Sexual self-esteem and relationship questionnaire (SEAR) General feedback questions about penile prosthesis process-24 questions opened ended developed by the research team Partners answered 11 questions	Penile Prosthesis post prostatectomy surgery
Shrover et al. 2012 USA	To evaluate the effect of internet-based or traditional sexual counselling for couples after localised prostate cancer treatment	MD Anderson Cancer Center Texas	N = 115 couples	Clinical: treatment for localised prostate cancer Either RP: FF-N = 70, WEB1-N = 68, WEB2-N = 84. RT: FF-N = 30, WEB1-N = 32, WEB2-N = 16 Demographics: men age FF-64 (SD + -8), WEB1-64 (SD + -7), WEB2-64 (SD + -8), Education: high school FF-N = 8, WEB1-N = 5 WEB2-N = 9. Some college FF-N = 20, WEB1-N = 15, WEB2-N = 30. College degree FF-N = 43	Convenience	Final 51 couples completed 4 sessions-dropout with rates 39%	RCT	5	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Sexual function: International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF). Female sexual Function Index (FSFI) Current distress: Brief symptom inventory-18 (BSI-18) Relationship satisfaction: Dyadic Adjustment Scale (A-DAS)	Internet-based/traditional based Sexual counselling Randomised (adaptively) 3 months wait for the list (WL) After the waiting period, WL participants were randomised to FF or WEB1 Face-to-face format (FF) 3 sessions over 12 weeks (90 min, 50–60- 2,3) Internet-based format (WEB1) immediate intervention group & email contact with the therapist Second Internet-based group (WEB2) for participants who lived too far away examined r/ship website use and outcomes
Wittmann et al. 2013 USA	To assess the feasibility of a one-day couple group intervention to Increase couple’s awareness or resources for sexual recovery for treated men with prostate cancer and their partners: A pilot study	Mid-western University comprehensive cancer center	N = 52 N = 26 partner	Clinical: Patients treated with surgery for CaP and their partners. Men three years post-surgery Demographics: Mean age: Patients-67 (SD = 6.4) Partners -65 (SD 6.8) Education –medium length-Men N = 16 years Partners N = 14.5 years	Purposive	Response rate 88.5% 3 months-75% 6 months 63.5%	One sample design	Time points Pre-/post time point 3 months & 6 months post	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Sexual function: The erectile dysfunction help-seeking questionnaire The protective buffering scales Satisfaction: Satisfaction questionnaire non-validated The sexual information and recovery activities (non-validated) General Analytic Strategy	One day Couple retreat Biopsychosocial psycho education group intervention Retreat morning session Developed by a Multidisciplinary team Education component provided by healthcare professionals Afternoon session Participants discussed their experience of sexual recovery in separate patient & partner groups of 8 each facilitated by a master’s level social worker certified as a sex therapist or urologic nurse who Discussion of themes from groups
Wittmann et al. 2015 USA	To assess the feasibility of the development of a conceptual model for couples’ sexual recovery after prostate cancer surgery	Mid-western academic cancer center	N = 20	Clinical: Men having RP as primary treatment N = 20 heterosexual couples, N = 1 same sex Stage T1c-N = 17, T2a-N = 2, T2b-N = 1 NS-N = 18, Partial N = 2 Preoperative ED mean 74.4 (SD 25.1). Postoperative ED mean 46.5 Demographics: men: mean age 60.2 Partners’ mean age is 57.6 Education: educated beyond high school Patients N = 70%, Partners N = 50%	Convenience	Response rate N = 20 eligible 8 couples refused for various reasons secondary analysis	Qualitative	2	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Sexual and urinary domains: Men Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) Short form. Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) Qualitative assessments: based on literature review & researchers’ clinical experience Preoperative: Are you aware you will experience side effects that affect urinary control and the ability to have erections? What are your thoughts about those? Postoperative: Can you tell me about your experience of recovering your sexual relationship since surgery?	Couples’ experiences were assessed by semi-structured one-hour couple interviews followed by brief individual interviews Interview guides were based on reviewed literature and the researcher’s clinical experience
Wittmann et al. 2015 USA	To assess potential preoperative barriers to couples’ sexual recovery after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer	Mid-western academic cancer center	N = 28 couples	Clinical: Men who have chosen RP. Stage T1c-N = 1b N = 2, T1c-N = 20, T2a-N = 4, T2b N = 2 Mild erectile function pre-op Demographics: Patients Mean age 62.2 (50–74), Partners 58.4 (38–70) Education: Patient Beyond high school- 20- 71%, Partners – 17- 61%	Convenience	Eligible couples N = 108 Sample N = 28 26% response rate	Prospective Mixed method design	1	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Couple adjustment: Dyadic Adjustment Scale (A-DAS) Couple communication: Protective buffering scale Sexual function: The Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite Short Form (EPIC-26), Sexual satisfaction: Male; The Sexual Experience Questionnaire, Short form. Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) Qualitative assessments: based on literature review & researchers’ clinical experience Couples’ questions: As you get ready for surgery, can you describe your thoughts about it and any concerns? How do you think you and your partner will cope emotionally and with sexual changes?	A couple-focused interview followed by brief interviews with patients and partners separately to identify potential barriers to sexual recovery before radical prostatectomy
Wootten et al. 2014 Australia	To assess the feasibility and usability of an online psychological intervention for men with prostate cancer	Urology Practices Melbourne	N = 64	Clinical: Treatment RP -N = 62.46%, BT-N = 2%, in last 5 years, Time since diagnosis 27 months Demographics: Mean age 64 Education -University degree 41%, Trade 17% Post school education12%	Convenience	Eligible n = 75 11 excluded did not fit inclusion criteria n = 64 attrition 31%	Feasibility questionnaires	Baseline Completion of intervention	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Psychological distress: Depression and anxiety Stress scales (DASS-21) Sexual function: International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF) The questionnaire developed: to assess participants’ satisfaction Open-ended questions to express their opinion of the best or worst part of the intervention	Online intervention 6 self-directed modules based on CBT principles & worked through sequentially Designed for single men & men in an intimate relationship (road map of participant’s journey Moderated online which participants could post comments questions or share their experiences forum
Wootten et al. 2016 Australia	To investigate whether an online psychological intervention can improve the sexual satisfaction of men following treatment for localised prostate cancer	Self-referral following invitation to join the study by Urologist, advertisements in newsletter, website and via post cards	N = 142	Clinical: Localised CaP having/have curative treatment within 5 years, Time since diagnosis 3.5 years Demographics: Mean age 61 SD 7 (42–82) Education -not reported	Convenience	Completion rate 87% Week 5 73% post-treatment 3 months 66% 6 `months 51%	RCT	4	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Psychological distress: Depression and Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) Sexual function: International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF) Quality of life: The prostate cancer-related Quality of Life Scale (PCR-QOL) Self-report: Use of sexual aids	Online psychological intervention for prostate cancer 3 interventions Group1 -MRA program- self-guided Group 2- MRA + forum Two moderated forums that were Group 3 access to moderated forum only Allocation 1:1:1
Yiou et al. 2013 France	To investigate the sexual quality of life in female partners of men using IAI after RP	Uro Oncology Department	Sample size: N = 104 Couples	Clinical: Laparoscopic RP- NS & NNS Bilateral NS- N = 78, Unilateral NS-N = 14 NNS- N = 12 Demographics: Mean age Men: 62.3 m (SD6.1) Female 59.8 (SD 7.3) Education: not reported	Convenience	N = 152 couples eligible abandon IAI N = 29 treatment due to pain, lack of efficacy N = 19	Cross-sectional retrospective longitudinal study	1	Questionnaires: Demographics: unstructured questionnaire Individual interviews Sexual function: Male, International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF-15). Erection Hardness Score (EHS) Continence: International Consultation on Incontinence questionnaire (ICIQ) Urinary function questionnaire (UCLA -PCI) Pain score: Visual analog scale (VAS) Impact of ED: Female Index of sexual life (ISL) Global life satisfaction (GLS) GLS- 2 items Questionnaire Has your sex life been disrupted by excessive tiredness, psychological distress, disease, gynaecological problems or lack of availability?	A post-RP-Sexual rehabilitation program, 1 month after RP Weekly f/up then 6 monthly participants use of IAI -Intracavernous alprostadil was monitored after 1 year of use Female partners completed questionnaires to assess their sexual quality of life

Key: CaP cancer of the prostate, RP radical prostatectomy, RT radiotherapy, NS nerve sparing, NNS non-nerve sparing, EPIC Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite, IAI intracavernous alprostadil injection, IIEF International Index of Erectile Function, EHS Erection Hardness Score, FSFI Female Sexual Function Index, SF36, Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire, BSI-18 Brief Symptom Inventory, A-DAS Dyadic Adjustment Scale, DASS-21 Depression & Anxiety Stress Scales, PFQ Positive Feelings Questionnaire, SQ Satisfactory Questionnaire, EDITS Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction, EPIC-26 Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite Short Form Index, GAD-7 Generalised Anxiety Disorder, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire, ICIQ International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire, UCLA-PCI UCLA Prostate Cancer Index, VAS visual analogue scale, ISL Index of Sexual Life, GLS General Life Satisfaction, SD sexual drive, DASS21 Depression & Anxiety Scale Short Version, PFMT pelvic floor muscle treatment, PEID-SE Psychological Impact of Erectile Dysfunction – Sexual Experience, SEAR Self-Esteem and Relationship Questionnaire in Erectile Dysfunction, EDITS Evaluating Satisfaction with Treatments for Erectile Dysfunction, SCL-92 Symptom Check List 92, MDI Major Depression Inventory, GSE General Efficacy Scale, GMSEX Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, FFMQ-SF Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Short Form, PLISSIT Permission, Limited Information, Specific Suggestions, Intensive Therapy (model of sex therapy)