Table 2.
Intervention effects on depressive mood, positive emotion, negative emotion, and emotion flexibility
| Baseline (n=602) mean (SD) |
Post (n=353) mean (SD) |
Follow-up 1 (n=320) mean (SD) |
Follow-up 2 (n=328) mean (SD) |
Overall effect (intervention × time) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depressive mood | Past week (assessment) | Intervention | 32.544 (0.57) | 23.598 (0.62) | 19.826 (0.68) | 21.227 (0.78) |
βtime=−10.211* βtime×time=1.879* |
| Control | 32.191 (1.61) | 27.819 (1.75)* | 24.862 (1.91)* | 23.321 (2.22) | |||
| Positive emotion | Past week (assessment) | Intervention | 3.994 (0.06) | 4.332 (0.06) | 4.669 (0.08) | 5.007 (0.10) | βtime=0.058 |
| Control | 3.620 (0.18) | 3.900 (0.18)* | 4.180 (0.22)* | 4.460(0.28) | |||
| Past day (daily diary) | Intervention | 3.902 (0.06) | 4.112 (0.07) | 4.322 (0.08) | 4.531 (0.10) | βtime=0.056 | |
| Control | 3.469 (0.18)* | 3.622 (0.19)* | 3.776 (0.22)* | 3.929 (0.27)* | |||
| Reactivity to stress (daily diary) | Intervention | 0.007 (0.01) | 0.009 (0.01) | 0.011 (0.02) | 0.013 (0.02) | βtime=0.0005 | |
| Control | −0.071 (0.04) | −0.070 (0.04) | −0.069 (0.04) | −0.067 (0.05) | |||
| Negative emotion | Past week (assessment) | Intervention | 4.726 (0.07) | 3.467 (0.08) | 2.990 (0.08) | 3.293 (0.10) |
βtime=−1.115* βtime×time=0.201* |
| Control | 4.881 (0.20) | 4.133 (0.2)* | 3.766 (0.24)* | 3.776 (0.28) | |||
| Past day (daily diary) | Intervention | 3.545 (0.07) | 3.007(0.07) | 2.802 (0.08) | 2.933 (0.09) |
βtime=−0.949* βtime×time=0.162* |
|
| Control | 3.493 (0.20) | 3.418 (0.21) | 3.353 (0.21)* | 3.298 (0.25) | |||
| Reactivity to stress (daily diary) | Intervention | 0.002 (0.02) | −0.0002 (0.01) | −0.001 (0.04) | −0.005 (0.02) | βtime=−0.038* | |
| Control | −0.0003 (0.04) | 0.035 (0.04) | 0.070 (0.04) | 0.105 (0.05)* | |||
| Emotional flexibility | Association of positive and negative emotion on stress vs. non-stress days (daily diary) | Intervention | 0.113 (0.02) | 0.112 (0.01) | 0.110 (0.02) | 0.110 (0.02) | βtime=0.039 |
| Control | 0.154 (0.05) | 0.114 (0.04) | 0.074 (0.05) | 0.033 (0.07) | |||
Note: Age was significant in models of: negative reactivity, negative emotion at daily burst, negative emotion at assessment level, and emotion flexibility but estimates were robust to the inclusion of the age covariate. *p < .05 for within-time point comparison