Table 1.
Subject characteristics of obese and lean individuals (n or mean ± SD).
| General features | Lean (n = 29) | Obese (n = 37) | Obese CI (n = 32) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 14.0 ± 1.50 | 14.1 ± 1.30 | 14.1 ± 1.10 | 0.382 |
| Sex (n) | 0.489 | |||
| Male | 16 | 21 | 15 | |
| Female | 13 | 16 | 17 | |
| Body weight (kg) | 54.7 ± 10.8* # | 91.9 ± 18.6 | 96.4 ± 21.0 | <0.001 |
| Body height (cm) | 166.8 ± 8.9 | 166.9 ± 9.5 | 166.6 ± 7.4 | 0.977 |
| Body height-SDS | 0.68 ± 1.00 | 0.72 ± 1.17 | 0.69 ± 1.05 | 0.979 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 19.5 ± 2.4* # | 32.7 ± 4.4 | 34.6 ± 5.9 | <0.001 |
| BMI-SDS | –0.16 ± 0.84* # | 2.20 ± 0.31 | 2.27 ± 0.33 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 67.4 ± 6.2* # | 101.5 ± 12.2 | 101.4 ± 12.0 | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 78.7 ± 8.3*# | 106.5 ± 8.8 | 107.0 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.86 ± 0.11*# | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 14.1 ± 7.6*# | 36.0 ± 5.2 | 39.2 ± 6.8 | <0.001 |
| PAQ-A score | 2.51 ± 0.50 # | 2.24 ± 0.66 | 2.04 ± 0.57 | 0.020 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 114 ± 10* | 137 ± 26 # | 124 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70 ± 7 | 75 ± 21 | 73 ± 11 | 0.393 |
| CI (n) | 29/3 | 0/37 | 32/32 | <0.001 |
| Development stage (n) | 0.759 | |||
| Tanner Stage 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | |
| Tanner Stage 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| Tanner Stage 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | |
| Tanner Stage 4 | 7 | 3 | 6 | |
| Tanner Stage 5 | 14 | 17 | 17 |
Notes: Comparisons between groups were tested using the χ2 test for categorical variables. For continuous variables, comparisons between groups were tested using a one-way analysis of variance (Bonferroni post hoc comparison test) for normally distributed data and the Kruskal-Wallis test (Dunn's post hoc comparison test) for non-normally distributed data. The p values reported represent the overall analysis of variance.
* p < 0.05, compared with obese group; #p < 0.05, compared with obese CI group.
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; BMI-SDS = body mass index standard deviation score; CI = chronotropic incompetence; DBP=Diastolic blood pressure; PAQ-A = Dutch Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SDS = standard deviation score.