Table 4. Country-Level Distribution of R&D Payments in 14 European Countries With Self-regulation of R&D Payment Disclosure (2019) .

Countrya,b,c,d	Disclosed R&D paymentse
	€m (% All Paymentsf)	€m Per m Inhabitantsg
UK	435 (70%)	7
Germany	404 (64%)	5
Spain	259 (43%)	6
Belgium	143 (64%)	12
The Netherlandsh	135 (68%)	8
Poland	106 (64%)	3
Sweden	73 (82%)	7
Switzerland	62 (37%)	7
Austria	59 (44%)	7
Finland	25 (63%)	5
Ireland	21 (59%)	4
Romaniai	20 (42%)	1
Norway	13 (68%)	2
Czech Republic	N/A (70%)	N/A
Total	1766	5

Abbreviations: N/A, not available; R&D, research and development.

^aData sources:

• Austria,¹²⁶ Germany,¹²⁷ Poland,¹²⁸ Spain,¹²⁹ the Netherlands,¹³⁰ and Switzerland¹³¹ – publicly available national pharmaceutical industry group press releases.
• Belgium, Ireland, Romania, and the UK – eurosfordocs.eu.
• Czech Republic – the EFPIA 2019 Europe-wide summary report.⁸¹
• Finland,¹³² Norway,¹³³ Sweden,¹³⁴ – industry trade groups’ response to the stakeholder survey.
• Romania – a national trade group report⁹³ and individual drug company websites signposted in the report (R&D payments), and eurosfordocs.eu (non-R&D payments).
• When more than one data point existed for a country the data sources were prioritised as follows: information obtained directly from pharmaceutical industry trade groups or public or public-private authorities; information published by national pharmaceutical industry trade groups or extracted from eurosfordocs.eu; the 2019 EFPIA Europe-wide report collating data from its member trade groups.⁸¹

^b In eurosfordocs.eu, which provided payment data for Belgium, Ireland, Romania, and the UK, payment values in non-euro currencies were converted to euros using CurrencyConverter,¹³⁵ a Python library for exchange rates. In all other instances, we used average yearly exchanged rates published by the European Central Bank.¹³⁶

^c Countries are sorted descendingly based on the value of R&D payments.

^d The statistics for Belgium and the Netherlands cover both the pharmaceutical and medical devices industries. The statistics for other countries cover the pharmaceutical industry only.

^e In countries adopting self-regulation based on EFPIA’s definition of R&D payments, these payments should be related to non-clinical studies, clinical trials, and prospective non-intervention studies.⁷⁵

^f All disclosed payments include R&D and non-R&D payments.

^g The population-level data was obtained from a Eurostat news release. The data is reported as of 1^st January 2019 in all countries except for Norway, where it is reported as of January 1, 2018.¹³⁷

^h Non-R&D payments reported in the Netherlands do not follow the categories from the EFPIA Code. However, R&D payments are reported consistent with the EFPIA Code, which includes the lack of disclosure on a named basis. This means that R&D payments reported in the Netherlands can be added to R&D payments reported in the other countries. The sum of non-R&D payments reported in the Netherlands was obtained by adding payments made to healthcare professionals or organisations. Therefore, the sum of payments reported in the Netherlands can be compared with the other country sums from the table.

ⁱ The exact figures for Romania include €28m (calculated based on data reported in a publicly-run disclosure platform) and €20m of R&D payments (calculated using a pharmaceutical industry trade group report and data from individual drug company websites – see footnote a).