Table 3. Clinical Areas Excluded From DRG-Based Payment in Denmark, England, Estonia, France, Germany, and the United States .

Area of Care	Exclusion Mechanisms Used
	Patient Groups	Services/Products	Hospitals/Departments	Other
Oncology	England (bone marrow transplantation), Estonia (chemotherapy), Germany (bone marrow transplantation)	Estonia, England, France, Germany (costly cancer drugs)	USA (certain cancer hospitals)	Denmark (eg, treatment of pancreatic cancer)
Specialised paediatrics	Germany (neuro-paediatrics), England (paediatric intensive care)	France (eg, paediatric intensive care), Germany (neuro-paediatric diagnostics)	Germany (eg, child-rheumatology), USA (60 children hospitals)	Denmark (eg, paediatric intensive care), England (several specialized services)
Severe burns	England, Germany (severe burns)	-	Germany (severe burns)	Denmark (severe burns)
Neurology	Germany (eg, multimodal, complex treatment against Parkinson)	Estonia (biologic therapy against multiple sclerosis)	Germany (eg, multiple sclerosis)	England (several specialized services)
Dialysis	England (eg, hospital haemodialysis or filtration)	France, Germany (dialysis)	-	Denmark (eg, peritoneal dialysis), England (insertion and removal of the peritoneal dialysis catheter for children)

Abbreviation: DRG, diagnosis-related group.