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. 2023 Apr 14;4(4):e230441. doi: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.0441

Figure. Mean Predicted Probability of Having a Urine Toxicology Test or Having a Positive Test Result at Delivery.

Figure.

Results are from logistic regression models controlling for age, Hispanic or Latina/x ethnicity, marital status, parity, tobacco use, prenatal visit utilization, stillbirth, and placental abruption. Other race includes Alaska Native, American Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Guam/Chamorro Hawaiian, Indian, Japanese, Korean, Other Asian/Pacific Islander, Samoan, and Vietnamese. In the sample, 4100 patients had a history of substance use, and 33 760 had no history of substance use; 4636 had a urine toxicology test, and 2199 had any positive test result at labor and delivery. Error bars indicate 95% CIs.