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. 2023 Apr 15;14:2164. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37835-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Bar charts show the OD value of plasma IgA and IgG against SARS-CoV-2 spike and RBD with median. During acute infection (full circle), 9, 22, and 33 individual samples from 9 mild, 14 moderate, and 18 severe patients, respectively, were analyzed using two-sided Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) to account for the intra-person correlations inherent to repeated measures and assess statistically significant differences without adjusting for multiple comparisons. During convalescence (half and open circle), only one sample from each patient was analyzed and two-sided Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test was used to assess statistically significant differences. One severe patient displayed IgA deficiency over time was excluded in all IgA analyses. b, c Two-sided Spearman correlation for plasma immunoglobulins against the spike and RBD versus frequency of activated (b) cTfh and c cTfh subsets during acute disease. In all, 9, 14, and 18 individual samples from 9 mild, 14 moderate and 18 severe patients were analyzed. For patients with longitudinal acute samples, data from the earliest sample was involved as the representative in Spearman correlation analysis. d Frequency of plasmablast from COVID-19 patients is shown by bar chats with median, and the dotted lines show the median frequency with 95% Cl (gray area) of healthy controls. Dots are individual samples color-coded according to peak disease severity. X axis shows the number of patients in each bar. Only one sample from each patient was analyzed during both acute disease and convalescence. Two-sided Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test was used to consider all statistically significant. e, f Two-sided Spearman correlation for frequency of plasmablast versus frequency of (e) activated cTfh and f activated cTfh subsets during acute disease. Overall, 9, 10, and 9 individual samples from 9 mild, 10 moderate and 9 severe patients were analyzed during acute disease. P < 0.05 was considered to be a significant difference. *P values <0.05 are listed above each comparison. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.