Table 2.
Associations of social isolation with the digit symbol substitution test score (n = 2,535)
| Weighted β coefficients (Standard Error) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Men (n = 1,267) | Women (n = 1,268) | |||||||
|
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| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|
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| Variables | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Social isolation (Ref. No) | −8.795 (1.772)*** | −3.542 (1.471)** | −2.828 (1.188)** | −2.445 (1.180)** | −9.190 (1.492)*** | −5.072 (1.213)*** | −5.761 (1.166)*** | −5.478 (1.167)*** |
| Age | −0.688 (0.061)*** | −0.710 (0.063)*** | −0.724 (0.067)*** | −0.870 (0.069)*** | −0.827 (0.074)*** | −0.816 (0.079)*** | ||
| Race/ethnicity (Ref. Non-Hispanic white) | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | −7.392 (1.679)*** | −7.163 (1.620)*** | −7.258 (1.669)*** | −14.162 (1.649)*** | −13.330 (1.607)*** | −13.045 (1.648)*** | ||
| Hispanics | −3.489 (1.937) | −4.127 (1.920)* | −3.362 (1.977) | −0.160 (1.829) | −0.097 (1.821) | −0.222 (1.856) | ||
| Others | −11.573 (3.649)** | −12.075 (3.744)** | −12.230 (3.795)** | −6.758 (3.796) | −4.650 (3.545) | −4.584 (3.594) | ||
| Educational attainment (Ref. Less than high school) | ||||||||
| High school graduate | 8.635 (1.362)*** | 7.957 (1.387)*** | 8.108 (1.425)*** | 9.880 (1.393)*** | 9.862 (1.382)*** | 9.604 (1.420)*** | ||
| More than high school | 12.943 (1.263)*** | 11.952 (1.271)*** | 12.120 (1.305)*** | 13.774 (1.397)*** | 13.030 (1.362)*** | 12.039 (1.414)*** | ||
| Annual household income (Ref. <$20,000) | ||||||||
| $20,000-$75,000 | 6.860 (1.108)*** | 6.233 (1.141)*** | 5.978 (1.184)*** | 4.236 (1.228)*** | 4.046 (1.238)** | 4.249 (1.259)*** | ||
| >$75,000 | 11.912 (1.533)*** | 10.945 (1.515)*** | 10.518 (1.568)*** | 5.292 (1.757)** | 4.952 (1.755)** | 4.929 (1.745)** | ||
| Smoking status (Ref. Nonsmoker) | ||||||||
| Former smoker | −2.716 (1.038)** | −2.407 (1.087)* | 0.413 (1.261) | 0.902 (1.293) | ||||
| Current smoker | −3.295 (1.590)* | −3.565 (1.671)* | 0.795 (1.663) | 1.115 (1.703) | ||||
| Alcohol intake ≥12 drinks/year (Ref. No) | 2.143 (1.081)* | 1.750 (1.127) | 2.361 (1.185)* | 1.817 (1.223) | ||||
| Moderate/vigorous physical activities (Ref. No) | 2.310 (1.050)* | 1.981 (0.880)* | 2.530 (1.096)* | 2.360 (1.107)* | ||||
| Obesity (Ref. No) | −0.987 (1.062) | −0.601 (1.185) | ||||||
| Hypertension (Ref. No) | −1.479 (0.457)* | −0.671 (0.576) | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus (Ref. No) | −1.818 (0.476)** | −2.869 (0.654)** | ||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Model Fit | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| F | 24.633 | 81.630 | 43.033 | 56.245 | 37.924 | 79.809 | 43.591 | 57.390 |
| Significance | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| R2 | 0.027 | 0.439 | 0.439 | 0.447 | 0.037 | 0.427 | 0.438 | 0.443 |
Note:
Model 1: unadjusted.
Model 2: adjusted for sociodemographic variables (age, race/ethnicity, education, and income).
Model 3: additionally adjusted for behavioral characteristics (smoking, alcohol intake, and physical exercise).
Model 4: additionally adjusted for health-related characteristics (obesity, hypertension, and diabetes).
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001