. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 15.

Published in final edited form as: Neurol Clin. 2019 May 11;37(3):615–629. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2019.03.004

Table 2.

Drug classes with time-dependent targets in mammalian brain tissues

Drug Class	Approved Uses	Time-dependent Target (Protein Levels or Function)	Study

SSRI/SNRI	MDD, GAD, SAD, PD, OCD, PMDD, PTSD, bulimia nervosa	5-HTT	Cortex (human)¹⁰³

NDRI	MDD	DAT	Striatum (mouse)¹⁰⁴

Methylphenidate	ADD, narcolepsy	DAT	Striatum (mouse)¹⁰⁴

Amphetamine	ADD, narcolepsy	Vesicle recycling machinery	SCN (mouse)⁹

MAOI	MDD, atypical depression, BP, AD, PD	MAOA	VTA, striatum (mouse)⁷

AChEI	AD, LBD, PD, MG, SCZ	AChE	Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, optic lobe (rat)⁸

NMDAR antagonist	AD, PD, drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions	NMDARs	SCN, motor cortex (rat)^105–106

Benzodiazepine	Insomnia, GAD, PD	GABA_A receptors	Cerebral cortex, SCN (hamster)^107,108

Biogenic amine	PD	TH	VTA, nucleus accumbens, pineal gland (rat)^109,110

References are not exhaustive, and many other known targets of these drugs in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disease were shown to be circadian regulated at the transcriptional level but are not shown here.

Abbreviations: AChE, acetylcholinesterase; AChEI, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; ADD, attention-deficit disorders; BP, bipolar disorder; DAT, dopamine transporter; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; 5-HTT, serotonin transporter; LBD, Lewy body dementias; MAOA, monoamine oxidase A; MG, myasthenia gravis; NDRI, norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor; NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; PD, panic disorder; PMDD, premenstrual dysphoric disorder; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SAD, social anxiety disorder; SCZ, schizophrenia; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; VTA, ventral tegmental area.