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. 2023 Apr 15;14:2166. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37877-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a UV-vis absorption and SSPL spectra of perovskite film without additives (referred as control) and [C₄mim]⁺[C₈SO₄]⁻ treated perovskite films (referred as target). b TRPL decay curves of control and target films. The dashed lines indicate the background levels. c Pump fluence dependent PL measurements of control and target films. The solid lines represent the best fits obtained with equation (3) in Supplementary Note 6. d, e The c-AFM images of control (d) and target (e) films. f The current-voltage curves of the control and target devices after and before (inset) poling. g UPS and IPES of secondary electron cutoff region, valence and conduction band regions of control and target perovskite films. h Energy levels derived from UPS and IPES spectra.