Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data of the cohort.
| HC (n = 32) | iPD (n = 39) | LRRK2 G2019S carriers (n = 24) | Group comparisons | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 63.53 ± 8.21 [51–81] | 65.15 ± 9.97 [39–80] | 66.04 (10.87) [43–83] | F = 1.40, p = 0.26 |
| Sex (F/M) | 17 (53.1%)/15 (46.9%) | 17 (43.6%)/22 (56.4%) | 14 (58.3%)/10 (41.7%) | χ² = 1.41, p = 0.50 |
| Handedness (R/A) | 30 (93.7%)/2 (6.3%) | 38 (97.4%)/1 (2.6%) | 23 (95.8%)/1 (4.2%) | χ² = 0.59, p = 0.75 |
| More affected body side (L/R/B) | n.a. | 18 (46.1%)/20 (51.3%)/1 (2.6%) | 14 (58.3%)/9 (37.5%)/1 (4.2%) | χ² = 1.17, p = 0.72 |
| Years of education | n.a. | 10.15 ± 5.12 [0–19] | 9.67 ± 4.89 [0–20] | t = 0.06, p = 0.95 |
| Age at onset | n.a. | 56.56 ± 11.51 [25–76] | 57.08 ± 11.51 [40–68] | F = 0.06, p = 0.95 |
| Disease duration | n.a. | 8.59 ± 5.38 [2–23] | 8.96 ± 5.39 [2–20] | F = 0.10, p = 0.92 |
| H&Y stage | n.a. | 2.04 ± 0.31 [2–2.5] | 2.08 ± 0.84 [1–5] | χ² = 0.01, p = 0.99 |
| UPDRS-III | n.a. | 21.18 ± 8.18 [5–41] | 16.67 ± 13.16 [2–45] | F = 2.20, p = 0.04 |
| LEDD | n.a. | 724.03 ± 383.81 [0–1610] | 593.88 ± 384.54 [50–1570] | F = 1.45, p = 0.15 |
| Psychiatric symptoms | n.a. | 2 (5.1%) | 4 (16.7%) | χ² = 2.30, p = 0.19 |
| NMSS | n.a. | 29.84 ± 24.11 [0–99] | 20.86 ± 18.74 [3–77] | F = 1.41, p = 0.17 |
| Hyposmia | n.a. | 20 (51.3%) | 7 (29.2%) | χ² = 2.97, p = 0.12 |
| Other sleep disorders | n.a. | 22 (56.4%) | 16 (66.7%) | χ² = 0.65, p = 0.44 |
| RBD | n.a. | 24 (61%) | 6 (25%) | χ² = 7.95, p = 0.01 |
| MMSE | n.a. | 26.62 ± 2.61 [22–30] | 26.65 ± 2.64 [20–30] | F = 0.50, p = 0.62 |
| PD-CRS | n.a. | 87.41 ± 17.45 [55–131] | 95.65 ± 18.34 [57–126] | F = 2.03, p = 0.05 |
Chi-Square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to compare categorical variables between two and three groups, respectively; whereas robust t tests and heteroscedastic one-way ANOVAs were applied to compare quantitative continuous variables between two and three groups, respectively. All tests were corrected for multiple comparisons with Bonferroni’s method. Quantitative data are shown as mean, standard deviation (in parenthesis), and range values (in brackets), while categorical data are shown as frequency and percentages. F female, M male, R right, L left, A ambidextrous, B bilateral. H&Y Modified Hoehn & Yahr Stage, UPDRS-III Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose, NMSS non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson’s Disease, RBD rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, MMSE mini-mental state examination, PD-CRS Parkinson’s Disease Cognitive Rating scale, n.a. not applicable/available.