Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in patients who survived 1 year after post-TAVR pacemaker implantation
| 1 year RVPB <30% (n = 36) | 1 year RVPB ≥30% (n = 74) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| ȃMale | 19 (52.8%) | 44 (59.5%) | 0.506 |
| ȃAge | 82.4 ± 8.8 | 81.5 ± 8.1 | 0.324 |
| ȃBMI | 29.3 ± 9.3 | 30.7 ± 7.0 | 0.080 |
| ȃHypertension | 35 (97.2%) | 70 (94.6%) | 1.000 |
| ȃDiabetes mellitus | 15 (41.7%) | 33 (44.6%) | 0.726 |
| ȃChronic kidney disease | 11 (30.6%) | 28 (37.8%) | 0.395 |
| ȃHyperlipidaemia | 26 (72.2%) | 55 (74.3%) | 0.726 |
| ȃPrior stroke | 4 (11.1%) | 11 (14.9%) | 0.769 |
| ȃPeripheral artery disease | 6 (16.7%) | 20 (27.0%) | 0.203 |
| ȃPre-existing CAD | 17 (47.2%) | 45 (60.8%) | 0.130 |
| ȃPrior PCI | 10 (27.8%) | 19 (25.7%) | 0.806 |
| ȃPrior CABG | 6 (16.7%) | 25 (33.8%) | 0.073 |
| ȃPrior surgical AVR | 1 (2.8%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.542 |
| ȃHistory of AF | 4 (11.1%) | 20 (27.0%) | 0.067 |
| ȃNew-onset AF after the device implantation | 3 (8.3%) | 16 (21.6%) | 0.094 |
| ȃSTS score | 7.5 ± 5.8 | 6.7 ± 4.9 | 0.558 |
| Baseline electrocardiogram | |||
| ȃPre-existing RBBB | 11 (30.6%) | 48 (64.9%) | <0.001 |
| ȃPre-existing LBBB | 2 (5.6%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.241 |
| ȃPre-existing AVBa | 9 (25.0%) | 17 (23.0%) | 0.758 |
| ȃNew-onset LBBB | 12 (33.3%) | 13 (17.6%) | 0.054 |
| ȃBaseline PR (milliseconds) | 192.5 ± 51.7 | 191.4 ± 43.9 | 0.735 |
| ȃBaseline QRS (milliseconds) | 110.8 ± 25.7 | 126.0 ± 28.9 | 0.018 |
| ȃDelta PR (post-pre) (milliseconds) | 22.6 ± 60.0 | 38.8 ± 89.2 | 0.405 |
| ȃDelta QRS (POST-PRE) (milliseconds) | 26.2 ± 25.3 | 31.1 ± 27.0 | 0.484 |
| Echocardiographic data | |||
| ȃBaseline LVEF (%) | 56.1 ± 10.8 | 58.0 ± 10.0 | 0.308 |
| ȃBaseline Vmax (m/sec) | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 0.788 |
| ȃBaseline AVA (cm2) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.948 |
| ȃBaseline mean AVPG (mmHg) | 43.4 ± 15.3 | 41.6 ± 13.6 | 0.538 |
| ȃLVEF 1 year after TAVR (%) | 56.6 ± 10.1 | 53.3 ± 11.7 | 0.097 |
| ȃDelta LVEF (%) | 1.1 ± 7.9 | −5.0 ± 9.8 | 0.005 |
| Procedural Values | |||
| ȃSelf-expanding valve | 27 (75.0%) | 56 (75.7%) | 0.882 |
| ȃBAV before deployment | 23 (63.9%) | 53 (71.6%) | 0.536 |
| ȃBAV after deployment | 6 (16.7%) | 6 (8.1%) | 0.202 |
| ȃNew-generation valve | 26 (72.2%) | 49 (66.2%) | 0.416 |
| ȃTransfemoral approach | 36 (100.0%) | 70 (94.6%) | 0.174 |
| ȃImplantation depth from NCC (mm) | 5.4 ± 3.3 | 6.3 ± 2.9 | 0.072 |
| ȃImplantation depth from NCC more than 4.0 mm | 17 (48.6%) | 57 (78.1%) | 0.004 |
| ȃImplantation depth from LCC (mm) | 5.5 ± 3.2 | 6.0 ± 3.0 | 0.393 |
| ȃLength of membranous septum (mm) | 5.0 ± 2.7 | 5.1 ± 1.7 | 0.164 |
| ȃΔMSID from NCC (mm) | 0.8 ± 4.2 | 1.1 ± 3.5 | 0.700 |
| ȃΔMSID from LCC (mm) | 0.5 ± 4.6 | 1.0 ± 3.5 | 0.600 |
| PPM information | |||
| ȃPPM implantation without defibrillator | 34 (94.4%) | 74 (100.0%) | 0.593 |
| ȃCHB as the PPM indication | 17 (47.2%) | 62 (83.8%) | <0.001 |
| ȃTiming of PPM implantation after TAVR (days) | 4.5 ± 5.9 | 3.7 ± 10.7 | 0.007 |
| ȃPacing mode (DDD) | 32 (88.9%) | 66 (89.2%) | 0.363 |
| ȃ1 year RAPB (%) | 37.2 ± 28.4 | 28.9 ± 30.8 | 0.050 |
| ȃ1 month RVPB (%) | 29.8 ± 38.5 | 85.1 ± 27.4 | <0.001 |
| ȃ1 year RVPB (%) | 5.1 ± 7.8 | 87.6 ± 20.7 | <0.001 |
| ȃ1 year AF burden (%) | 1.2 ± 5.3 | 24.1 ± 40.6 | 0.013 |
Values are n (%) or mean ± SD.
AF, atrial fibrillation; AVA, aortic valvular area; AVB, atrioventricular block; AVPG, aortic valvular pressure gradient; AVR, aortic valve replacement; BAV, balloon aortic valvuloplasty; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHB, complete heart block; ΔMSID, difference between membranous septum and valve implantation depth; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LCC, left coronary cusp; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NCC, non-coronary cusp; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PPM, permanent pacemaker; RAPB, right atrium pacing burden; RBBB, right bundle branch block; RVPB, right ventricular pacing burden; TAVR, transcatheter aortic valve replacement, and Vmax, maximum transvalvular aortic velocity.
The prior AVB includes any kinds of AVB before TAVR and all of them were either first or second-degree AVB.