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. 2023 Mar 7;53(5):1700–1707. doi: 10.1017/S0033291723000016

Table 1.

The ‘4P model’

Domain Cause Treatment
Biological Predisposing
Precipitating
Perpetuating
Protecting
Psychological Predisposing
Precipitating
Perpetuating
Protecting
Social Predisposing
Precipitating
Perpetuating
Protecting