Fig. 1. Mechanism of iron accumulation and its impact on postmenopausal osteoporotic fractures. BM-MSCs: bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells; Runx2: Runt-related transcription factor 2; STEAP: six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate; Tf: transferrin; TfR1: Tf receptor 1; DMT1: divalent metal transporter 1; JNK: Jun-N-terminal kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; RANK: receptor activator of NF-κB; RANKL: RANK ligand; ROS: reactive oxygen species; OPG: osteoprotegerin; TRAF6: tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6.
