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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2023 Mar 15;44(5):290–302. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.02.003

Figure 3. Autophagy adaptation mechanisms as novel potential targets to augment autophagy inhibitory effects on cancer.

Figure 3.

Autophagy inhibition by different strategies can induce compensatory pathways which can mitigate the anti-cancer effects of targeting autophagy in cancer. Combining the inhibitors of autophagy resistance pathways with autophagy inhibiting agents in cancer is a new approach which could be used to augment anticancer effects of autophagy inhibitors as a single agent or in combination with standard of care drugs that induce cytoprotective autophagy. Mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs); GM1 + membrane microdomains (GMM); NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; UGCG, UDP-Glucose Ceramide Glucosyltransferase.