Table 4.
Perioperative outcomes between learning curve phases in LPD and RPD.
| LPD | RPD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCL phase | ALC phase | p value | PCL phase | ALC phase | p value | |
| Patients, n | 13 | 26 | 18 | 57 | ||
| PPPD/whipple | 10/3 | 22/4 | 0.67 | 15/3 | 49/8 | 0.72 |
| Operative time, min | 377 (354–454) | 289 (257–307) | < 0.001 | 381 (340–407) | 286 (252–313) | < 0.001 |
| Blood loss, mL | 200 (0–350) | 50 (0–200) | 0.12 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (0–100) | 0.14 |
| Open conversion | 1 (8%) | 2 (8%) | > 0.99 | 0 | 2 (4%) | > 0.99 |
| Harvested lymph nodes, n | 17 (7.5–22.5) | 14.5 (9–21.3) | 0.73 | 14.5 (8–21) | 13 (10–19) | 0.96 |
| CD grade | 0.11 | 0.85 | ||||
| 0 | 4 (31%) | 12 (46%) | 10 (56%) | 29 (51%) | ||
| I | 2 (15%) | 3 (12%) | 0 | 5 (9%) | ||
| II | 1 (8%) | 9 (35%) | 5 (28%) | 12 (21%) | ||
| IIIa | 3 (23%) | 1 (4%) | 2 (11%) | 7 (12%) | ||
| IIIb | 1 (8%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| IVa | 1 (8%) | 1 (4%) | 1 (6%) | 2 (4%) | ||
| IVb | 1 (8%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (2%) | ||
| V | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (2%) | ||
| Major complication, CD ≧ III | 6 (46%) | 2 (8%) | 0.01 | 3 (17%) | 12 (21%) | > 0.99 |
| POPF | 0.41 | 0.21 | ||||
| Biochemical | 2 (15%) | 9 (35%) | 8 (44%) | 24 (42%) | ||
| B | 3 (23%) | 6 (23%) | 1 (6%) | 10 (18%) | ||
| C | 0 | 0 | 1 (6%) | 0 | ||
| DGE, grade B + C | 3 (23%) | 1 (4%) | 0.10 | 2 (11%) | 7 (12%) | > 0.99 |
| PPH, grade B + C | 2 (15%) | 2 (8%) | 0.59 | 3 (17%) | 6 (11%) | 0.44 |
| Bile leak | 3 (23%) | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | 5 (9%) | 0.33 |
| Fluid collection | 4 (31%) | 2 (8%) | 0.15 | 2 (11%) | 11 (19%) | 0.72 |
| Wound infection | 5 (38%) | 2 (8%) | 0.03 | 1 (6%) | 8 (14%) | 0.68 |
| Reoperation | 1 (8%) | 0 | 0.33 | 0 | 1 (2%) | > 0.99 |
| Hospital stay, days | 17 (12.5–30) | 15 (12–20) | 0.26 | 13 (11–16.3) | 15 (11–23) | 0.53 |
| Re-admission | 2 (15%) | 0 | 0.11 | 3 (17%) | 5 (9%) | 0.39 |
PLC pre-learning curve, ALC after-learning curve, PPPD pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, CD Clavien–Dindo, DGE delayed gastric emptying, PPH postpancreatectomy hemorrhage, POPF postoperative pancreatic fistula.