Table 5.

Perioperative outcomes between approaches in the PLC and ALC phase.

	PLC phase			ALC phase
	LPD	RPD	p value	LPD	RPD	p value
Patients, n	13	18		26	57
PPPD/whipple	10/3	15/3	0.68	22/4	49/8	> 0.99
Operative time, min	377 (354–454)	381 (340–407)	0.56	289 (257–307)	286 (252–313)	0.91
Blood loss, mL	200 (0–350)	100 (100–100)	0.85	50 (0–200)	100 (0–100)	0.63
Open conversion	1 (8%)	0	0.42	2 (8%)	2 (4%)	0.59
Harvested lymph nodes, n	17 (7.5–22.5)	14.5 (8–21)	0.62	14.5 (9–21.3)	13 (10–19)	0.69
CD grade			0.18			0.63
0	4 (31%)	10 (56%)		12 (46%)	29 (51%)
I	2 (15%)	0		3 (12%)	5 (9%)
II	1 (8%)	5 (28%)		9 (35%)	12 (21%)
IIIa	3 (23%)	2 (11%)		1 (4%)	7 (12%)
IIIb	1 (8%)	0		0	0
IVa	1 (8%)	1 (6%)		1 (4%)	2 (4%)
IVb	1 (8%)	0		0	1 (2%)
V	0	0		0	1 (2%)
Major complication, CD ≧ III	6 (46%)	3 (17%)	0.11	2 (8%)	12 (21%)	0.53
POPF			0.18			0.44
Biochemical	2 (15%)	8 (44%)		9 (35%)	24 (42%)
B	3 (23%)	1 (6%)		6 (23%)	10 (18%)
C	0	1 (6%)		0	0
DGE, grade B + C	3 (23%)	2 (11%)	0.63	1 (4%)	7 (12%)	0.71
PPH, grade B + C	2 (15%)	3 (17%)	> 0.99	2 (8%)	6 (11%)	> 0.99
Bile leak	3 (23%)	0	0.06	0	5 (9%)	0.17
Fluid collection	4 (31%)	2 (11%)	0.21	2 (8%)	11 (19%)	0.21
Wound infection	5 (38%)	1 (6%)	0.06	2 (8%)	8 (14%)	0.49
Reoperation	1 (8%)	0	0.42	0	1 (2%)	> 0.99
Hospital stay, days	17 (12.5–30)	13 (11–16.3)	0.09	15 (12–20)	15 (11–23)	0.90
Re-admission	2 (15%)	3 (17%)	> 0.99	0	5 (9%)	0.17

PLC pre-learning curve, ALC after-learning curve, PPPD pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, CD Clavien–Dindo, DGE delayed gastric emptying, PPH postpancreatectomy hemorrhage, POPF postoperative pancreatic fistula.