Table 3.
Association of exposure to subtypes of ACE, individual types of ACE and accumulated ACE scores with the development of a substance use disorder. The group who developed a substance use disorder comprised 42 females and 94 males.
| −2 log likelihood | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
β | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any ACE | ||||
| Any ACE F M |
1345 456 869 |
4.3 (2.5 – 7.3) 4.2 (1.6 – 10.7) 4.2 (2.1 – 8.0) |
1.5 1.4 1.4 |
<0.001 0.003 <0.001 |
| Subtype of ACE | ||||
| Any type of abuse F M |
1352 460 870 |
2.9 (2.1 – 4.2) 2.7 (1.4 – 5.1) 3.1 (2.0 – 4.7) |
1.1 1.0 1.1 |
<0.001 0.002 <0.001 |
| Any type of neglect F M |
1378 461 893 |
2.0 (1.2 – 3.4) 3.5 (1.6 – 7.3) 1.5 (0.7 – 3.0) |
0.7 1.2 0.4 |
0.006 0.001 0.3 |
| Any type of household dysfunction F M |
1352 462 870 |
3.3 (2.1 – 5.2) 2.5 (1.2 – 5.3) 3.6 (2.0 – 6.6) |
1.1 0.9 1.3 |
<0.001 0.014 <0.001 |
| Individual ACE type | ||||
| Emotional abuse F M |
1377 465 888 |
2.8 (1.5 – 5.5) 3.1 (1.2 – 8.1) 4.2 (1.6 – 10.9) |
1.0 1.1 1.4 |
0.002 0.2 0.003 |
| Physical abuse F M |
1352 459 875 |
3.1 (2.2 – 4.5) 3.3 (1.7 – 6.4) 2.8 (1.8 – 4.3) |
1.1 1.2 1.0 |
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
| Sexual abuse F M |
1379 461 892 |
2.1 (1.2 – 3.7) 3.3 (1.5 – 6.9) 2.2 (0.9 – 5.4) |
0.8 1.2 0.8 |
0.009 0.002 0.1 |
| Emotional neglect F M |
1380 456 893 |
3.1 (1.3 – 7.1) 7.3 (3.0 – 17.8) 0 |
1.1 2.0 −17.5 |
0.009 >0.001 0 |
| Physical neglect F M |
1348 467 892 |
3.2 (2.0 – 5.0) 1.8 (0.7 – 5.3) 1.6 (0.8 – 3.3) |
1.2 0.6 0.5 |
<0.001 0.2 0.2 |
| Parental substance abuse F M |
1383 468 893 |
1.4 (0.8 – 2.5) 1.5 (0.6 – 3.8) 1.5 (0.7 – 3.0) |
0.4 0.4 0.4 |
0.2 0.4 0.3 |
| Parental mental problems F M |
1384 469 893 |
0.9 (0.5 – 1.4) 1.2 (0.6 – 2.7) 0.7 (0.4 – 1.3) |
−0.2 0.2 −0.3 |
0.6 0.6 0.3 |
| Parental divorce F M |
1363 464 875 |
2.3 (1.6 – 3.2) 2.0 (1.1 – 3.7) 2.0 (1.7 – 3.9) |
0.8 0.7 0.9 |
<0.001 0.03 >0.001 |
| Economic difficulties F M |
1372 461 887 |
2.1 (1.4 – 3.0) 2.6 (1.3 – 5.0) 1.8 (1.1 – 2.9) |
0.7 1.0 0.6 |
<0.001 0.005 0.01 |
| Witnessed violence F M |
1372 468 886 |
2.0 (1.4 – 2.8) 1.5 (0.7 – 3.0) 1.9 (1.2 – 2.9) |
0.7 0.4 0.6 |
<0.001 0.3 0.003 |
| Accumulated ACE score | ||||
| Accumulation of individual ACEs F M |
1336 448 864 |
1.5 (1.4 – 1.7) 1.6 (1.3 – 1.9) 1.5 (1.3 – 1.7) |
0.4 0.4 0.4 |
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
CI = confidence interval, F = female, M = male.
ACE subtype abuse includes emotional, sexual and physical abuse; ACE subtype neglect includes physical and emotional neglect. ACE subtype household dysfunction includes parental substance abuse, parental mental problems, parental divorce, economic difficulties and witnessed violence.