Table 5.
Association of exposure to subtypes of ACE, individual types of ACE and accumulated ACE scores with the development of an illicit drug use disorder. The group who developed illicit drug use disorder comprised 19 female and 67 male adults.
| −2 log likelihood | Odds ratio (95% CI) | β | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any ACE | ||||
| Any ACE F M |
929 239 662 |
4.5 (2.2 – 9.0) 3.0 (0.9 – 10.3) 5.0 (2.1 – 11.6) |
1.5 1.1 1.6 |
<0.001 0.08 <0.001 |
| Subtype of ACE | ||||
| Any type of abuse F M |
931 242 657 |
3.1 (2.0 – 4.8) 1.6 (0.6 – 4.4) 3.8 (2.4 – 6.3) |
1.1 0.4 1.3 |
<0.001 0.4 <0.001 |
| Any type of neglect F M |
954 241 683 |
1.5 (0.8 – 3.1) 2.3 (0.7 – 8.1) 1.4 (0.6 – 3.2) |
0.4 0.9 0.3 |
0.2 0.2 0.5 |
| Any type of household dysfunction F M |
935 242 662 |
3.2 (1.8 – 5.8) 1.5 (0.6 – 3.9) 4.3 (2.0 – 9.0) |
1.2 0.4 1.5 |
<0.001 0.4 <0.001 |
| Individual ACE type | ||||
| Emotional abuse F M |
955 241 680 |
1.3 (0.4 – 40) 3.4 (1.0 – 11.3) |
0.2 −16 1.2 |
0.7 0.04 |
| Physical abuse F M |
927 241 659 |
3.6 (2.3 – 5.6) 1.9 (1.6 – 5.8) 3.7 (2.3 – 6.1) |
1.3 0.7 1.3 |
<0.001 0.2 <0.001 |
| Sexual abuse F M |
954 242 681 |
1.4 (0.6 – 3.1) 1.4 (0.3 – 6.0) 2.4 (0.9 – 6.8) |
0.3 0.3 0.9 |
0.5 0.7 0.09 |
| Emotional neglect F M |
952 242 682 |
0 0 0 |
−17 −16 −17 |
|
| Physical neglect F M |
952 240 682 |
1.9 (1.0 – 3.9) 3.3 (1.0 – 11.5) 1.5 (0.7 – 3.6) |
0.7 1.2 0.4 |
0.06 0.06 0.3 |
| Parental substance abuse F M |
954 241 683 |
1.4 (0.7 – 2.9) 2.1 (0.6 – 7.1) 1.4 (0.6 – 3.2) |
0.4 0.7 0.3 |
0.3 0.3 0.5 |
| Parental mental problems F M |
955 242 682 |
0.9 (0.5 – 1.6) 1.4 (0.5 – 4.2) 0.7 (0.3 – 1.5) |
−0.2 0.3 −0.3 |
0.6 0.6 0.4 |
| Parental divorce F M |
945 240 674 |
2.0 (1.3 – 3.1) 2.0 (0.8 – 4.9) 2.1 (1.3 – 3.5) |
0.7 0.7 0.8 |
0.002 0.1 0.002 |
| Economic difficulties F M |
946 239 678 |
2.1 (1.3 – 3.4) 2.7 (1.0 – 7.0) 1.9 (1.1 – 3.3) |
0.8 1.0 0.7 |
0.002 0.05 0.02 |
| Witnessed violence F M |
942 242 673 |
2.3 (1.5 – 3.6) 1.3 (0.4 – 3.8) 2.3 (1.4 – 3.7) |
0.8 0.2 0.8 |
<0.001 0.7 0.001 |
| Accumulated ACE score | ||||
| Accumulation of individual ACE F M |
928 238 658 |
1.5 (1.3 – 1.7) 1.4 (1.0 – 1.8) 1.6 (1.3 – 1.8) |
0.4 0.3 0.4 |
<0.001 0.03 <0.001 |
CI = confidence interval, F = female, M = male.
ACE subtype abuse includes emotional, sexual and physical abuse; ACE subtype neglect includes physical and emotional neglect. ACE subtype household dysfunction includes parental substance abuse, parental mental problems, parental divorce, economic difficulties and witnessed violence.