Table 1.

Overview and description of natural hazards included in the interaction framework

Category	Natural hazard	Description
Geophysical	Geophysical mass movements	Slides and slips triggered by geophysical activity, such as earthquakes and volcanic hazards.
Atmospheric	Storm	A strong wind has wind speeds above 13,9 m/s. A storm or a hurricane have wind speeds above 24,5 and 32,7 m/s, respectively.64 Low air pressure can generate higher sea levels, which in combination with wind can create storm surges.65
	Heavy precipitation	Constitutes rain, hail, or snow. A rainfall can be classified as heavy when it falls more than 4 mm/h, while a shower (10–20 min) is heavy above 10 mm, and a cloudburst at a total amount of 50 mm or 1 mm/min.66
	Lightning	When the charge difference between two thunderclouds, or between a thundercloud and the ground, gets too large, the isolating effect of the surrounding air is lost. That causes a discharge equalizing the two differing charges, which is called lightning.67
	Heat wave	In temperate climates, such as the Swedish, the temperature varies over the year, creating conditions for both extremely high and low temperatures.55 The terms also include abnormally deviating temperatures, such as freezing temperatures during summer.
	Cold spell
Hydrological	Flood	Water that covers ground outside normal boundaries of oceans, seas, or watercourses, due to either increased water levels or heavy precipitation.65 Water levels depend on the precipitation, snowmelt, depletion, air pressure, and wind.
	Drought	Drought occurs during periods of low precipitation and high evaporation when watercourses, lakes, and soil are not refilled with water as normal, while the vegetation absorbs the small amount of water available.68
	Hydrological mass movements	Hydrological mass movements occur when water levels rapidly increase or fluctuate within or above the ground24 and constitute any downslope movement of earth materials65 with hydrological causes.
	Avalanche	The collapse of snow down a slope or a mountain side. There are five types of snow avalanches69: slab, loose snow, gliding, powder, and wet snow. Out of these, slab avalanches are considered the most dangerous.
Biophysical	Wildfires	Fires in all biomes,65 such as forest, grassland, mire, and moor. Large frequency and size variations depending on weather conditions and soil moisture70 since the fire risk increases in drier environments.71
Biological	Pest infestations	The population or the impact from pests reaches unsustainable levels in a limited geographical area,72 such as insects or animals damaging eatables, agriculture, or forestry.73