Table 2.
E3 enzymes as the suppressor in GC.
| Types | E3 enzymes | Function | Substrate | Signal | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RINGs | CBLB | suppressor | – | Cell adhesion and Detachment | (81–83) |
| CHIP | suppressor | TRAF2 | NF-κB pathway | (84, 85) | |
| COP1 | suppressor | c-Jun/p53 | Invasion | (86) | |
| DTX1 | suppressor | c-FLIP | Apoptosis | (87) | |
| FBX8 | suppressor | – | Metastasis | (88) | |
| FBXL2 | suppressor | FoxM1 | Cell cycle | (89) | |
| FBXL5 | suppressor | Cortactin | Invasion | (90, 91) | |
| FBXO21 | suppressor | Nr2f2 | EMT | (92) | |
| FBXO31 | suppressor | SNAI1 | EMT | (93) | |
| FBXW7 | suppressor | MCL1/RhoA/ENO1/GFI1 | Apoptosis, AKT, GSK3β | (94–97) | |
| MARCH8 | suppressor | DR4 | PI3K Pathway | (98) | |
| MKRN2 | suppressor | PKM2 | MAPK/ERK | (99) | |
| PRAJA2 | suppressor | KSR1 | MEK-ERK | (100) | |
| RBX1 | suppressor | PRDX2 | Invasion | (101) | |
| RNF168 | suppressor | RHOC | RHOC/HDAC1 | (102) | |
| RNF180 | suppressor | RhoC | STAT3 signaling | (103–105) | |
| RNF181 | suppressor | – | ERK/MAPK-cyclin D1/CDK4 pathway | (106) | |
| RNF43 | suppressor | – | Wnt/β-catenin | (107, 108) | |
| SPOP | suppressor | – | Hedgehog/Gli2 signaling | (109) | |
| TRIM15 | suppressor | – | Invasion | (110) | |
| TRIM25 | suppressor | SP1 | TRIM25/SP1/MMP2 | (111) | |
| TRIM31 | suppressor | – | – | (112, 113) | |
| ZNRF3 | suppressor | – | WNT and Hedgehog signaling | (114, 115) | |
| HECTs | HACE1 | suppressor | – | Invasion | (116) |
| ITCH | suppressor | Smad7 | EMT | (117) | |
| NEDD4L | suppressor | – | PI3K-AKT | (118) |