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. 2023 Apr 3;10:1125955. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1125955

TABLE 3.

Frequency of outcome measures in each pillar.

Pillar Outcome measure category Frequency (n/%)
Health Cancer 22 (23.2)
Heart-related diseases 20 (21.1)
Mortality, number of deaths averted, or years of life saved, non-specific disease 15 (15.8)
Type 2 diabetes 12 (12.6)
Stroke 10 (10.5)
Disability-adjusted life year (DALY), non-specific disease 6 (6.3)
Weight, overweight, or obesity 2 (2.1)
Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) or quality of life (QOL), non-specific disease 2 (2.1)
Composite health indicator 1 (1.1)
Other 5 (5.3)
Total 95 (100.0)
Environment Climate change 44 (33.3)
Land 20 (15.2)
Water 18 (13.6)
Toxicity 9 (6.8)
Energy 7 (5.3)
Eutrophication 7 (5.3)
Air pollution 6 (4.5)
Nitrogen or phosphorus 6 (4.5)
Composite environmental indicator 5 (3.8)
Acidification 4 (3.0)
Biodiversity 2 (1.5)
Other 4 (3.0)
Total 132 (100.0)
Social Acceptability 2 (33.3)
Desirability 2 (33.3)
Food availability 1 (16.7)
Social risk 1 (16.7)
Total 6 (100.0)
Economic Food price/cost 26 (56.5)
Economy-level cost 7 (15.2)
Healthcare cost 6 (13.0)
Productivity cost 3 (6.5)
Employment 2 (4.3)
Other 2 (4.3)
Total 46 (100.0)