Table 3.

Indirect and total effects of the research model controlling for age, sex, marital status, educational attainment, and personal income per year.

Path diagram	Factor loadings (β) (95% CI)
	Direct effects	Indirect effects	Total effects
Living alone → In-home environment → Happiness	−0.013 (−0.038 to 0.011)	−0.019*** (−0.028 to −0.013)	−0.032** (−0.056 to −0.009)
Living alone → Physical disability → Happiness		0.000 (0.000 to 0.000)
Living alone → Physical disability → In-home environment → Happiness		0.000 (0.000 to 0.000)
Physical disability → In-home environment → Happiness	−0.216*** (−0.241 to −0.193)	0.026*** (0.019 to 0.034)	−0.190*** (−0.216 to −0.166)
Physical disability → Living alone → Happiness		0.000 (0.000 to 0.000)
Physical disability → Living alone → In-home environment → Happiness		0.000 (0.000 to 0.000)

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001.