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. 2023 Apr 3;13:1153894. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1153894

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Copyright © 2023 Liu, Lu, Li and Chen

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two different routes for probiotic lactobacilli administration. (A) Oral administration. Probiotic lactobacilli taken orally must travel via the mouth, stomach, intestines, and colon before reaching the vagina via skin contact in the perineum. The probiotics are delivered to the vagina in approximately seven days. (B) Intravaginal administration. Probiotic lactobacilli can also be administered intravaginally using external devices. Within 2–3 days, lactobacillus strains manifest their effects.